上海浦东新区城市生活垃圾收运路线优化研究

Optimization of the Route of Municipal Solid Waste Collection and Transportation

城市化的迅猛发展、经济的高速增长,城市垃圾产生量日渐增多,如何实现垃圾减量化、资源化、无害化作为可持续发展领域的焦点,已成为环境综合治理工作中的新难点、新挑战。城市生活垃圾收运费用在垃圾处理系统总费用中占有很大的比例,通过对垃圾收运问题的研究,可以有效节约成本,提高作业效率。文章对城市生活垃圾收运现状进行了分析,以总的垃圾收运距离最短为优化目标建立了城市垃圾收运问题的数学模型,提出了以扫描算法和分枝限界法相结合的求解方法。基于优化的结果和GIS技术实现优化作业路径的动态显示,为实际垃圾收运作业提供决策依据。最后,通过调研区浦东新区的实例表明优化后的作业路径减少了17.7%,节约了垃圾收运的成本,证明了该求解方法的实用性和有效性。

Waste management is a global environmental issue. Increasing population, rapid economic growth and rising living standard can accelerate the generation rate of Municipal Solid Waste （MSW）. This situation is more serious in developing countries like China, who has overrun the U.S. to be the world＇s largest MSW generator. Due to the limited space for landfill and the huge cost in construction programs of municipal incinerators, solid waste management strategies should turn to focus on promoting the recycling, recovery and reuse of secondary materials. Improper management of MSW can threaten the life of urban inhabitants and cause a tremendous amount of cost. Therefore, to improve waste management, it is useful to design efficient collection routes for vehicles and scheduling programs for the solid waste collection system. In this paper, the current status of MSW Vehicle Routing Problem （MSWVRP） in Pudong District of Shanghai is analyzed in detail firstly. According to the waste collection and transportation process, a mathematic model is established with consideration of limiting factors, including the bearing and volume of each waste collection point as well as the volume and capacity of collection trucks. The purpose is to design the most economical routes for the waste collection trucks. A sweep algorithm and the branch-and-bound algorithm are integrated to achieve the optimization. The geographic information system （GIS） is used to analyze existing maps and data, in order to digitize the existing sanitary ward boundaries and to enter the data of the wards and disposal sites. The optimized collection and transport route of the truck is then shown in the GIS environment. With the GIS technology, the MSW management system can be used as a decision support tool and allow the decision maker to analyze many waste collection alternatives before selecting a final operational scenario. The case study in Pudong District is a typical example to prove the feasibility of the optimization. Compared with the current practice, the waste management cost can be reduced and the working efficiency can also be improved to a certain extent. Therefore, the proposed method is of practical meaning.