埃及宪法的创设、沿革及其修订

The Origin,Development and Revision of the Constitution of Egypt

1971年,埃及颁布永久宪法,该体制在30多年里一直保持着稳定状态。然而,自从美国以反恐的名义发动伊拉克和阿富汗战争并大力推行对中东伊斯兰国家的"民主改造"以来,埃及国内政治改革进程发生了复杂而微妙的改变;加之埃及近年来经济发展遭遇困难,贫困现象激增,社会动荡加剧,宗教势力崛起,民众要求进行政治和民主改革的呼声与日俱增。2005年5月和2007年3月,穆巴拉克总统直接主持两次重大的宪法修订活动,允许全民通过直接选举从多个候选人中选出总统,禁止以宗教名义建立政党和从事政治活动,将反对恐怖主义写入宪法,有力地推动了埃及政治改革的进程,加速了埃及社会改革的步伐,对埃及国内和周边地区产生了积极的影响。

Since the Egyptian government issued its permanent Constitution in 1971, the constitutional-political system has constantly maintained its stability for more than 30 years. With the advent of the 21st century, both the international and regional situations together with the domestic conditions of Egypt have witnessed great changes. The U.S started the Iraqi war and the Afghan war in the name of anti-terrorism, and has implemented the ＇ democratic transformation＇ of the Islamic countries in the Middle East, which has had a complex and subtle effect on the process of political reform in Egypt. In addition, Egypt has experienced a hard time in the economic development which led to increased poverty, social instability and the growing power of religious forces. Under these circumstances, the public in Egypt has voiced a more urgent demand for political and democratic reforms. In May 2005 and March 2007, President Mubarak initiated two important constitution revisions, allowing the public to elect a president directly from several candidates in the general election, banning the establishment of political parties and taking up political activities in the name of religion, putting anti-terrorism into the Constitution. These measures have greatly promoted the process of political restructuring of Egypt, speeding up the steps of social reform and having a positive impact on Egypt and the regional areas.