指宾状语的历时考察

The Diachronic Investigation of Object-oriented Adverbials

汉语指宾状语是发展变化的。在先秦至宋代只用于韵文,至元明清可用于白话口语。指宾状语结构中,状语的构成基本是各种重叠式;动词由单音动词发展为双音动词或动补、动助结构;宾语由单音名词发展为双音名词和名词性偏正结构。结构的语义关系比较复杂,与现代汉语很不相同,如动词有的是存现动词;状语有的与动词没有语义关系;宾语有的表存在、施事等。这种结构的形成动因是实现某种语用功能,即表达说话人的某种主观性,主要是表达主观情感和凸显认知视角。

The object-oriented adverbial of Chinese is changing with development. It was firstly used in verses from Pre-Qin times to Song dynasty, then in spoken vernacular in Yuan Ming and Qing period. The main structure of adverbial is overlapping form, of which the predicate is developed from monosyllable verb to disyllable or to verb-complement structure; the object is developed from monosyllable noun to disyllable and to nominal modification-center structure. The semantic relation of structure is very complex, and is of great difference with modern Chinese, for example, some of the verbs are existential ones, some of the adverbials have no semantic relation with verbs, some of the objects mean existence and agent and to speak just a few. The formative causation of this structure is for the purpose of realizing some pragmatic function, i.e. in order to express some subjectivity of the speaker, for the subjective emotion expression and cognitive perspective demonstration to be exactly.