中国古代逻辑的主导推理类型--推类

Analogy as One of the Major Types of Logical Reasoning in Ancient China

作为中国古代逻辑的主导推理类型,推类具有什么性质和特点?这取决于古代三个逻辑学概念:"故"、"理"、"类"。"类"反映对象的本质属性。推类遵循同类相推、异类不推的推类原则。因此,推类是:当且仅当两个对象同类,从某个对象具有什么属性,可以推知另一个对象也具有该属性。它区别于古希腊亚里士多德的三段论、麦加拉一斯多噶学派的含有复合命题的推理,也不同于培根倡导的归纳推理,因而具有鲜明的特色。

As the leading method of the logical reasoning in ancient China, what characteristics does Analogy have？ This depends on three ancient logics concepts ： Reason, Law, and Genus. Genus reflects the nature of the subject. Analogy follows such principles as reasoning among the same genus but not between different genera. Analogy reasons only when two subjects are of the same genus, to arrive at the other one＇s nature from what nature a certain subject has. With apparent characteristics, Analogy varies from Aristotle＇ s Syllogistic, reasoning with compound preposition of Megara - Stoicism, and also differs from the inductive inference advocated by Bacon.