明清时期徽州的宗族公约研究

Analysis on clan regulations of Huizhou Area in Ming and Qing Dynasties

明清时期,徽州宗族结合徽州聚族而居的山区特点,将族规家法作为控制族人和乡村社会的基本规范,并因时、因地、因事制定约束乡村社会聚族而居宗族成员的规约。因这类规约系由宗族商议制订,故将其称之为"宗族公约"。明清徽州宗族公约类型广泛,内容丰富,具有鲜明地域性、较强时效性、浓厚血缘性、相对模糊性和灵活变通性等特征,并具备规范、互助和奖惩等功能。更为重要的是,这些宗族公约往往经过所在地方官府的钤印认可,使单纯的民间宗族组织行为转变为地方官府的行为。就这一角度而言,明清徽州的宗族公约是国家法的必要补充和延伸,它在规范乡民行为,维系人与自然、人与人以及人与社会之间的和谐相处,管理乡村社会的经济与文化生活,维护社会秩序和社会稳定等方面,发挥了重要的作用。

During Ming and Qing dynasties, Huizhou area clans, assembling in mountainous used 族规家法 as basic regulations to bring their members and communities under control. The made by clan members through collective discussions according to local district, regulations conditions were therefore named 宗族公约.The various sorts of 宗族公约 containing diverse contents had such clear characteristics as regionalism, with modernity, blood-related and flexibility. They functioned through regulating, mutual aid, rewards and also punishments. The more important was that the 宗族公约 often officially approved by the local government so that original folk behaviors were converted to local government behaviors, so from this angle, the 宗族公约 of Huizhou in the Ming and Qing dynasties were the necessary supplement and extension of the government law, which played important part in regulating villager＇s behaviors, upholding harmonious relations among human beings, nature and society, managing rural economic and cultural affairs, and maintaining local social stability, etc.