微生物与嫩竹土法造纸

MICROORGANISMS AND NATIVE PAPER PULP MAKING USING YOUNG BAMBOO

嫩竹土法造纸已有二千余年历史。其工艺是用石灰浸泡、联合微生物作用，以降解嫩竹中木素及部分半纤维素，达到制浆、造纸的目的。微生物以细菌为主，还有些原生动物与真菌。从分离出的１００株细菌中，６０株为芽胞杆菌，其余为肠杆菌科（埃希氏菌、枸椽酸杆菌）、不动杆菌、黄色杆菌、假单胞菌、醋酸杆菌、产碱杆菌、葡萄球菌、微球菌、李氏杆菌等。能使嫩竹软化的３株细菌均为芽胞杆菌，其中１株（３０８号）为短小芽胞杆菌。嫩竹经石灰处理后，以分得的３０８号短小芽胞杆菌处理４ｄ，可将嫩竹软化造纸，使土法的数月到１年的生产周期缩短为２４ｄ。判断木素降解的经验方法，是以手捏竹片。它是简易可行的有效方法。古代的工艺及其可改造处，曾予以讨论。

Paper making in China using young bamboo by native methods has been two thousands years or more. The principle is treating young bamboo by lime and soaking in water to degrade the lignin with the aid of microorganisms presented in nature. It was found these microorganisms in soaking water were mainly bacteria besides some protozoa and fungi. One hundred strains were isolated. Sixty of them were bacillus. Others were enterobacteriaceae(including Escherichia,Citrobacter),Acinetobacter,Flavobacterium, Zymomonas,Acetobacter,Alcaligenes,Staphylococcus,Micrococcus,Listeria, probably a Renibacterium and a few unidentified bacteria.Only three strains made the young bamboo soften. They were all bacillus,one strain No.308 was identified as Bacillus brevis. When the young bamboo treated with lime and soaked in water with the bacterium strain 308 added for 4 days,the bamboo paper pulp could be obtained.The peroid of bamboo paper making of the native method could be shorten from many months or up to one year to 24 days.The native method judging the degradation of bamboo lignin by hand feeling was found to be useful,practical and simple.Pressing the soaked bamboo with fingers,as the bamboo softened and the bamboo fibers spreaded out easily, it would be the time for paper pulp production.The ancient native methods for bamboo paper production was discussed and some suggestions were made.