名田制是地主豪强庄园经济发展的基础

Mingtian System and the Development of Despotic Manor Economy

商鞅变法"除井田,开阡陌"后,军功爵制在秦国得到最充分的发展并延续到整个汉代,建立了二十级军功爵。在授田方面为"名田制",按照军功爵高低授田。名田制实际也是限田制,给了有爵位人的占田资格,限制普通平民的发展。汉初由于官府公开卖爵,土地的自由买卖,一部分"富民、豪民、富商占有较多的土地,成了豪民地主。豪民乃大量出现,并逐渐形成为新的一种地主经济类型,大量使用奴隶。东汉以来豪强地主恶性膨胀,到魏晋南北朝时期社会大动乱,造成不论南方和北方都出现大量使用农奴的庄园经济。秦汉时期的名田制正是魏晋南北朝时期地主豪强庄园经济发展的基础,社会的大动乱则是其外界环境条件。

After the land reform of ＂Abolish Jingtian System and Explore Wasteland＂, which was part of Shangyang Reform, military-exploit-based noble rank system was fully developed in Qin Dynasty and covered Han Dynasty. Twenty military-merit-based ranks were established, according to which ＂Mingtian System＂ was carried out to allocate land. ＂Mingtian System＂ was actually a land-limitation system that entitled those with ranks to occupy land and constrained the right of commons. At the beginning of Han Dynasty, the government sold noble ranks openly and land could be traded freely, so people who were rich and powerful obtained a large amount of land and became despotic landlords. Gradually, a new type economy came into being and a large number of slaves were involved in it. The despotic economy expanded viciously from Eastern Han Dynasty to the times of the Three Kingdoms, the Jin Dynasty and the Northern and Southern Dynasties when the whole society was in turmoil. As a result, there was the occurrence of despotic manor economy in which a large amount of serfs were employed. Mingtian System in Qin and Han Dynasties was the basis of development of despotic manor economy in the times of Three Kingdoms, the Jin Dynasty and the Northern and Southern Dynasties while the system＇ s external condition was the violent social turmoil.