科学的两种修辞建构及其案例分析

Two Kinds of Rhetoric Construction of Science and Case Studies

科学修辞学研究是近几十年来STS中新兴的一个重要方向。以科学修辞学家坎贝尔和巴扎曼分析的两个案例为代表的两种修辞建构,揭示了修辞在科学中不再是传统认识中应当被排除的外部干扰因素,而是本质地存在于科学语言中,参与到科学知识的制造过程中。这两个案例也代表了修辞的两个层面,一种是在传统的修辞认识中较常能被意识到的显性修辞,另一种是隐藏在科学话语中一些固定的格式与规定等历来被认为与修辞无涉的部分中的隐性修辞。科学修辞学主张在这两种修辞间并没有必然的界线,它们不仅运用于科学的表述之中,同时也深入到科学的认识论中,科学无法规避修辞。

Rhetoric of science is a new direction in STS studies.The two cases of Campbell's and Bazerman's studies indicate that rhetoric is not something that should be eliminated from science according to the traditional opinion,but exists in scientific language essentially and participates in the manufacturing of scientific knowledge.The rhetoric in the two cases represents two levels of rhetoric,the first is the obvious rhetoric that could be perceived easily in the traditional concept of rhetoric,and the second is the recessive rhetoric concealed under the fixed formats and rules about the scientific discourse which usually are seemed to be independent of rhetoric.Rhetoric of science affirms that there is no board line between the two kinds of rhetoric.They are not only used in the expressions of scientific ideas,but also deep into the epistemology of science.