鼠疫形势与我国鼠疫控制策略

Plague situation and control strategy in China

鼠疫在全球范围内进入一个新的活跃时期,中国也出现同样的形势。在过去的20年里,人间鼠疫发病率上升,在逐步扩大的鼠疫疫源地中越来越频繁地发生动物间鼠疫,新的鼠疫自然疫源地类型陆续发现。加上交通的改善以及恐怖主义兴起,鼠疫对人类构成更大的威胁。在这种新形势下需要建立新的国家鼠疫控制策略,这一策略由4部分组成:①需要改善应急反应系统,通过引入新技术缩短鼠疫诊断时间,并将控制措施与疫源地调查与监测联系起来;②需要加强阻断鼠疫由动物向人的传播环节,在我国西部的旱獭鼠疫地区,这一措施不应为灭蚤而应为禁猎;③在不同类型的鼠疫疫源地中应当采取不同的疫源地干预措施,例如,在家鼠鼠疫地区应当降低鼠类密度,而在旱獭鼠疫地区则应当发展獭洞灭蚤技术;④生态改造应为最根本的鼠疫控制措施,在我国灌溉和造林起最重要的作用。应当将这些措施列入国家的生态恢复规划。鼠疫也是地球生态系统的一个组成部分,新的鼠疫控制策略应当给予生态平衡更多的考虑。

Plague has entered a new active period in the global scope, including China. In the last 20 years, the incidence has increased, epizootics has occurred more and more frequently in expending natural foci, and new types of plague foci have been discovered in succession. Besides, the development of traveling and the bioterrorism have imposed additional risk to human. In the new situation we should work out a new control strategy in China, which will include 4 essential points, （1） Emergency reacting system should be improved. Diagnosis time should be cut down by introducing new techniques, and the control measures should lead to the investigation and surveillance of the natural foci. （2）Checking on the link between rodents and human should be emphasized. In the marmot plague areas in western China, the key measure will not be insecticidal, but the hunting ban. （3） In different types of natural foci, different intervention should be taken. For instance, in the rat plague areas the density of the rodents should be reduced, and in marmot plague areas the insecticidal techniques for marmot burrows should be developed. （4）The fundamental plague control measures should be eco-reformation. Irrigation and forestation play the most important parts in plague control, which should be listed into the national eco-recovery plan. Zoonoses are part of the global eco-system and the new plague control strategy should give more considerations to the ecological balance.