河南省小麦生产与肥料施用状况

Wheat Production and Fertilizers Application in Henan Province

河南省小麦生产水平近年来在不断提高,同时化肥用量也在持续增加。了解河南省小麦生产与肥料施用状况,对解决粮食高产与肥料高效具有重要意义。通过问卷调查的方式,对河南省26个县市的小麦生产与肥料施用状况进行了调查,结果表明:小麦产量以6000～7500kg/hm2所占比例最大,占到调查样本的49.77%,小麦氮肥用量变化在3.9～861kgN/hm2,平均为234.6kg/hm2,氮肥全部用作基肥的占到调查样本的54.44%,基肥比例小于40%的占到调查样本的29.11%;磷肥用量变化在15.5～362.1kgP2O5/hm2,平均为75.2kgP2O5/hm2;钾肥用量变化在2.7～400.5kgK2O/hm2,平均为70.7kgK2O/hm2。小麦产量与NPK养分总量和磷肥用量之间显著相关,但与氮肥和钾肥关系不密切。氮肥偏生产力以15～30kg/kg比例最大,占到调查样本的32.26%;磷肥偏生产力以45～75kg/kg最大,占到调查样本的38.30%;钾肥偏生产力以45～75kg/kg最大,占到调查样本的32.30%,说明农户之间小麦产量、肥料用量和肥料利用率差别较大。作者认为通过选育小麦优良品种,实现养分资源的综合管理,提高农民生产管理水平,可以提高河南省小麦的综合生产能力。

Level of wheat production in Henan province has been improving in recent years, meanwhile the amount of fertilizer application has been improving too. Understanding the wheat production and fertilizer application in Henan province have great significance to solve the crop production and fertilizer application efficiency. We used questionnaire method to investigate more than 20 counties and 452 farmers .The results showed that wheat yield between 6000-7500kg/hm^2 taken up the maximal proportion, being 49.77%, The amount of nitrogen fertilizer on wheat changed from 3.9-861 kg N/hm^2, averaged 234.6 kg/hm^2, nitrogen fertilizer applied as a base fertilizer totally accounted for 54.44% of the investigated samples, the proportion of base fertilizer less than 40% of the sample accounted for 29.11%.The amount of phosphate fertilizer changed from 15.5-362.1kg P2O5/hm^2, the average amount is 75.2 kg/hm^2; Changes in the amount of potassium is in the 2.7-400.5 kg K2O/hm^2, the average amount is 70.7 kg K2O/hm^2. The wheat yield has significant relationship with the total nutrient and the amount of phosphate fertilizer, but has no significant relationship with the amount of potassium fertilizer and nitrogen fertilizer. PFP on nitrogen fertilizer changed between 15-30 kg/kg, taken up the maximal proportion of 32.26%; PFP of phosphate fertilizer between 45-75kg/kg taken up the maximal proportion of 38.30%; PFP on potassium fertilizer between 45-75kg/kg taken up the maximal proportion of 32.30%. It suggested that there existed big difference between various farmers for wheat yield, fertilizer rate and fertilizer use efficiency. The author suggested that superior varieties should be breeded, the nutrient efficiency should be improved, the level of peasant crop production management should be improved, increasing the wheat integration productivity.