一次性施肥对春玉米产量和环境效应的影响

Effect of Single Fertilization on Spring Maize Yield and Environment

采用田间试验,比较了农民习惯施肥、一炮轰和缓释一次施肥3种施肥措施对玉米产量和土壤残留NO3-N以及氮素表观损失的影响。结果表明:不同施肥处理的产量没有显著差异,添加包膜尿素氮肥利用率提高;与播前相比,玉米收获后对照、农民习惯、一炮轰、缓释一次施肥0～90cm土壤剖面NO3-N残留量在低肥力土壤(新立城试验点)的增加量分别为-17.5、104.5、55.7、29.3kg/hm2,而在高肥力土壤(布海试验点)都表现为负增长,分别为-44.3、-12.8、-57.2、-51.7kg/hm2。农民习惯、一炮轰、缓释一次施肥处理全生育期的氮素表观损失在低肥力点分别为-83、-12、22kg/hm2,在高肥力点为172、119、157kg/hm2。增加氮肥用量氮素表观损失增加,添加部分缓释氮肥的一次性施肥可以减少收获后土壤剖面NO3-N增量。

Field experiments were conducted in higher and lower fertility soil to evaluate effect on maize grain yield, soil residual NO3-N and N apparent losses of three nitrogen management strategies, conventional N splits by farmer, one shot dose fertilization by farmer and single basal application with polymer-coated urea （PCU） as partial N source. The results of two experiment sites showed that there was no significant difference on yields of different N management. Increase of 0-90 cm soil residual NO3-N in Xinlicheng site of control, conventional fertilization, one shot does and single application with PCU treatments were-17.5,104.5, 55.7, 29.3 kg/hm^2, and-44.3.-12.8,-57.2,-51.7 kg N/hm^2 for higher fertility soil （Buhai site）, respectively. The apparent N losses of whole stage were -83,-12,22 kg/hm^2 for lower fertility soil, and 172,119,157 kg/hm2 for higher soil fertility soil. It indicated that less residual NO3-N increase with treatment of single application with PCU compared with other two strategies, and more apparent N losses resulted from rising of N rate.