水患与黄河流域古代城市的变迁研究——以河南汜水县城为研究对象

Floods and the Flux of the Ancient Cities in Yellow River Drainage:a case study of Sishui County,Henan Province

黄河流域是古代中国河患较为频繁的地区,由于黄河水患的加剧,致使这一地区古代城市的面貌、前途和命运等都发生了巨大的变化。今河南汜水镇的前身是著名的虎牢关城,由于黄河的南移,位于大伾山顶的虎牢关城被黄河所侧蚀,使虎牢关城不得不迁徙至今汜水镇一带。由于新的汜水县城濒临汜水,黄汜水患常常冲入新城,使汜水县城的水患延续了600年之久。历史上汜水镇曾与河阴、荥阳、成皋等城并列,俱为县城,但由于水患的危害,汜水由县而镇,地位不断下降。汜水县城的衰落说明城市周围生态环境的优劣是决定城市兴亡盛衰的重要因素之一。由于生态环境和地理条件的恶化使得黄河流域古代城市的生存和可持续发展失去了必要的条件和基础,因而不可避免地走向了衰落。明清以来黄河流域古代城市的衰落和城市地位的不断下降,由汜水镇的变迁可见一斑。

The Yellow River drainage has been the place with frequent flood disasters. The increasing river disasters led to great changes to the appearances, fate and future of the cities around. The Sishui town was called Hulaoguan city before locating on the summit of Mount Dapi which was transferred to where Sishui Town stands today because it was edge-ached. The Yellow River often rushed into the new city, causing trouble for the city for 600 years. In the history, Sishui town, Hein town, Xingyang town and Chenggao town have ever been listed together as county cities but it later was downgraded to a town because of the floods. From the recession of Sishui town, we have known that the advantages and disadvantages of the surrounding ecology environment of the city are one of the important factors deciding its flourishing and declining. Because the ecological environment and geographical conditions are worsening, the existence and well-developing of ancient cities lose the necessary condition and foundation. Therefore the declining is not avoidable. The declining and decreasing of the ancient cities in the Yellow River region can be seen obviously from the flux of the Sishui town.