稻作农业起源研究中的植物考古学

The Botanical Archaeology in Research of Rice Agricultural Origin

早期稻作农业是植物考古学的一个研究热点。本文首先厘清了农业、栽培和驯化等稻作农业发展中的常用术语,进而对区分野生稻与驯化稻,即反映"半驯化"特征的几个指标包括基盘、谷粒尺寸和植硅石分别展开讨论。文章结合我们对现代野生稻和栽培稻的测量数据以及田螺山的工作,引用了国内外诸多考古实例和最新的分子学证据,证据表明上述几个指标在某些程度上多少可以作为性状来判断驯化稻是否已经出现,但是随着农业景观概念的提出,耕地杂草群落作为农田系统研究的证据,为稻作农业出现和发展研究展开了新视野。

The origin of the rice agriculture is one of the hot spot in the research of Archaeobotany. In this paper, the terms such as agriculture, cultivation and domestication, which have occupied scholars for many years in the issues of agricultural development, were clarified. Moreover, the ＂semi-domestication＂ traits, which could be used to determine the domestication rice from the wild rice, spikelet base, grain size and phytohth were discussed respectively. Based on our spikelet base data, the result from Tian Luo Shan Site, the work from other archaeological sites and the updating molecular record, we found that, somehow, the traits we mentioned above could use as the evidence of the emergence of the domestic rice. However, recently, the agricultural landscape becomes a new research topic. In the rice field, the weed communities, which co-occurred with the rice agriculture, put a new light on the agricultural origin and development.