宋代兵力部署考察

The Disposition of Troops in the Song Dynasty

北宋前期的军队部署实行内外相制原则,京师兵力和其他地方兵力相等,以互相牵制。这一原则在宋神宗时发生变化,大部兵力分布在西北地区,而京师地区兵力不断减少,北宋末只剩数万。南宋前期,恢复实行了内外相制的兵力部署原则,临安地区驻兵最强,后期再次颠倒,重兵多在边防。无论北宋还是南宋,兵力部署在地域上都是重北轻南,南宋政府对南部内地的防卫尤弱于北宋。北宋的东线防御立足于兵,并不依赖黄河天险,重兵都在黄河以北;南宋重兵分布在长江沿线,对天险的依赖加强,但几乎放弃了边界的另一天险——淮河,表明其防御是消极的以守为主的战略。

The disposition of the troops in early Song Dynasty followed a principle of mutual constraint between inside and outside, namely, the amount of troops in the capital were identical with that in other districts. This situation changed during period of Emperor Shenzong （神宗） who deployed the majority of the troops in the northwestern district whereas the troops in the capital decreased continuously. There were only tens of thousands army men in capital in late Song Dynasty. In the Southern Song Dynasty, the principle of mutual constraint was resumed, the majority was deployed in Linan（临安） area. However, the situation was reversed in later Southern Song Dynasty. Preference of northern areas over southern ones is characteristic of the disposition of troops in both Northern and Southern Song Dynasties whose strategy is passive defense.