国际机遇的利用与美国向太平洋的领土扩张——“路易斯安那购买”和“阿拉斯加购买”新探

American Territorial Expansion toward the Pacific by Taking Advantage of the International Opportunities:A New Study of the Louisiana Purchase and the Purchase of Alaska

18、19世纪之交英法争夺欧洲霸权和世界殖民霸权的斗争使拿破仑决定将法国的北美殖民地路易斯安那卖给美国,19世纪中期俄国在克里米亚战争中败于英法之手的窘境迫使亚历山大二世向美国兜售俄国的殖民地阿拉斯加。美国在上述英法争霸、克里米亚战争和波兰起义等时期,通过推行对欧洲列强的中立政策和实施灵活的外交策略,抓紧国际机遇,坐收渔翁之利,先后将这两块殖民地收入囊中,实现了将领土扩张到太平洋之滨的愿望。"路易斯安那购买"和"阿拉斯加购买"都是欧洲列强纷争和美国充分利用国际机遇的结果。推行适合本国国情和世界形势的中立的外交政策和充分利用国际机遇的策略,是美国崛起的一个重要原因。

At the turn of the 19th century, the struggle for European hegemony and the colonial hegemony of the world between Britain and France made Napoleon Bonaparte decide to sell the Louisiana Territory, French colony in Northern America, to the USA; at the middle of the 19th century, the difficulty situation after Russia being defeated by Britain and France in the Crimean War forced the Czar Alexander Ⅱ to offer the USA Alaska, Russian American colony; during the period of the struggle for the hegemony between Britain and France, of the Crimean War, and of Poland＇s national rebellion against Russian colonial rule in 1863, the USA governments got the two important territories one after another, and realized her ambition of expanding her territory to the shore of the Pacific, by pursuing neutral diplomatic policies, seizing the opportunities, reaping the fisherman＇ s gains. The conclusion is that both the Louisiana Purchase and the Purchase of Alaska were the results of the scrambles among the European powers and the USA＇ s fully taking advantage of the international opportunities. The deduction which can be drawn is that one important reason of the USA rising to a powerful nation from a weak one was pursuing neutral diplomatic policies suitable for her national strength and the international situation, and fully taking advantage of the international opportunities.