质疑 批判 消解——“休谟问题”的波普尔方案及哲学反思

Suspicion,Criticism and Elimination——On Popper's solution of Hume's Problem and Criminal Reflections

和演绎推理相比,归纳推理的特殊性表现在两个方面:内容的扩展性和形式的非必然性。作为扩展性的非必然推理,归纳不可避免地遭遇到"休谟问题"的纠缠。该问题的核心在于,我们能否对归纳推理和有关归纳信念的合理性提供证明以及如何证明。面对众多的积极辩护措施,波普尔另辟蹊径,在其批判理性主义基础上提出了釜底抽薪式的否定消解方案,即归纳推理因缺乏逻辑学依据和经验科学基础,故应被驱逐出科学方法论领域,从而归纳问题根本不存在。处理波普尔哲学的最好方式,就是对他的批判理性主义以及奠基其上的否定消解方案展开客观公正的批判和反批判。一方面,波普尔的批判理性主义中蕴含着深刻的质疑、批判、创新的科学精神及合理因素,其对休谟问题的消解方案也的确在某种程度上暴露出传统归纳方法和归纳推理的逻辑漏洞,但另一方面,隐藏在波普尔方案中的批判理性主义由于超越了真理和谬误之间的微小界限,从而走向了另一个极端,那就是矫枉过正的极端否证主义。

Comparing with deduction, the particularities of induction display in two aspects ： the extension of content and the non - necessity of form. As a form of ampliative and non - necessary inference, induction has been troubled with Hume＇ s problem inevitably. The core of this question lies whether we can provide proofs to the rationality of induction and the related induction faith. Facing many justifications of it, Popper gave a negative solution to it on the basis of his criminal rationalism. He argued that induction should be expelled from scientific methodology since it lacks the foundation of logic and empirical science. Thus Hume＇ s problem does not exist at all. The best way we treat Popper＇ s philosophy is objective critique and counter - critique to it. On one hand, it contains many reasonable factors in Popper＇ s critique rationalism, such as the spirits of suspicion, critique, innovation. At the same time, Popper＇ s solution also exposed the logical cracks of the traditional induction method and the inductive reasoning to a certain extent. On the other hand, Popper＇ s solution has surmounted the small boundary between the truth and the error, which makes it move toward another extreme.