三维运动学仿真男子举重运动员抓举技术及膝关节运动分析

Three-dimensional kinematics simulation of snatch in male weight lifter and knee joint movement analysis

为了更好地分析抓举技术的运动学特征,并且探讨抓举运动损伤机制以及损伤预防的方法。首先,采用Optotrak Certus运动捕捉系统采集运动员抓举技术的运动学参数;其次,通过人体测量学参数和测量的各关节中心,对运动员骨骼系统进行建模;最后,将测量的Marker点坐标原始数据导入Visual 3D与骨骼系统模型进行关联,实现对抓举技术的三维运动学仿真。通过抓举技术三维运动学仿真结果进行分析,获取膝关节三维运动学参数与杠铃运动学参数,并对抓举技术进行了阶段划分。抓举比赛、训练时,髌股关节反复大强度的挤压牵拉,是导致膝关节慢性损伤的主要原因。伸膝提铃,容易发生半月板急性损伤;发力阶段,容易发生半月板、外侧副韧带和十字韧带急性损伤;惯性上升阶段,容易发生半月板、内侧副韧带和十字韧带急性损伤。结果提示,抓举技术三维运动学仿真的实现,可以作为分析抓举技术运动学、动力学以及应力学的基础,在研究抓举技术动作、发力机制、运动损伤机制和运动损伤预防等方面具有重要的意义。膝关节运动慢性损伤的预防主要应合理科学的编排训练,交替进行不同屈曲度的训练,避免过于集中的腿力训练结构。膝关节运动急性损伤的预防,主要是加强膝关节和周围的肌肉力量的训练,以及膝关节中的侧副韧带、十字韧带的功能锻炼,大强度的训练和比赛时,膝关节使用保护支持带。

The study aimed to better analyze the kinematics characters of snatch technique, and explore sports injuries mechanisms and prevention of sports injuries during snatch. Firstly, the kinematics parameters during snatch were collected by using Optotrak Certus motion capture system. Secondly, based on anthropometric parameters and the centers of joints, the skeleton system models of athlete were constructed. Finally, the initial data of Marker point coordinate were import to Visual SD to connect with skeleton system models and to realize 3D kinematics simulation of snatch technique. Through analyzing 3D kinematics simulation of snatch technique, knee kinematics curves and the curve for the vertical displacement of barbell were obtained, and the snatch technique was divided into six phases. The repeated high-intensity extrusion and traction of patellofemoral joint during competing and training is the main reason for chronic injury of knee joint. In the first pull, meniscus injury occurs easily. In the second pull, meniscus, lateral collateral ligament, cruciate ligament may be injured. In turnover phase, meniscus, medial collateral ligament, cruciate ligament are easy to injury. Results show that the realization of 3D kinematics simulation of snatch technique lays a foundation for analyzing kinematics, kinetics and stress/strain, which plays an important role in researches on snatch technique, muscles exertion mechanism, mechanisms and presentations of sports injuries. The preventive methods of chronic injury of knee joint should lay emphasis on scientific, reasonable arrangement of training, and training of different flexion should be carried out alternately to avoid centralized leg strength training. The preventive methods of acute injury of knee joint mainly enhance strength training of knee joint and surrounding muscles, functional exercise of collateral ligament, cruciate ligament of knee joint, and support protection band should be used in large intensity training and competition.