外来种豚草入侵的过程与机制

The process and mechanism of ambrosia invasion

生物入侵是指生物由原生存地经自然的或人为的途径侵入到另一个新环境,对入侵地的生物多样性、农林牧渔业生产以及人类健康造成经济损失或生态灾难的过程。外来物种的入侵不仅会威胁到当地生物生存,还有可能导致海洋和淡水生态系统的退化。豚草(Ambrosia artemisiifolia)原产美国西南部和墨西哥北部的索诺兰沙漠地区,是一种严重危害农业、生态和人体健康的外来恶性杂草,研究豚草的入侵过程及入侵机制有重要的意义。综述了国内外有关豚草入侵机制的研究进展,分析了豚草入侵阶段,定居阶段和稳定阶段的特点,并从豚草自身的强大的繁殖特性、种子的休眠特性、遗传性质、种子的传播特性、化感作用、竞争机制及入侵环境的可能性等方面综述分析成功定居在新环境中的豚草成为入侵种的机制,同时预测了豚草成功入侵可能还存在的其它机制,即豚草的适应性进化、协同入侵以及豚草的传粉特性。这几种机制的进一步的研究,将使我们能够洞悉豚草在新入侵地的生态环境下的扩散机制,预测其潜在的入侵区域,发现其适应过程中的薄弱环节,并在此基础上为进一步研究豚草的防治做准备。因此,认识豚草成功成为入侵种的原因对深入研究豚草入侵机制,对预测豚草入侵,采取适当的措施降低豚草物种所造成的危害具有重要的指导意义。

Biological invasion refers to a process that organism incurses into another new environment by natural or man-made way which can bring economic loss and ecological disaster to biological diversity, the production and human health of the invasion. The invasion of alien species will not only threaten the survival of local biotechnology but also lead to the degradation of ocean and freshwater ecosystems. Ambrosia artemisiifolia which is a serious hazard in agriculture, ecology and human health origined north of the southwestern United States and Mexico, the Sonoran desert area. It is important to study the invasion process and mechanism of ragweed. This paper summarizes the domestic and foreign invasion mechanism of ragweed and analyzes the characteristics of ragweed in invasion stage, the settlement phase and the stable stage. This article also analyzes the mechanism of Ambrosia which can successfully settled in the new environment to become invasive species due to Ambrosia＇s own strong breeding characteristics, seed dormancy characteristics of the genetic nature of the propagation characteristics of the seeds, allelopathy, competition mechanism and the possibility of invasion in the environment, etc, and successfully predicted the invasion of other possible causes, such as adaptive evolution, collaborative invasion and pollination.The further study of these mechanism will make us know about the spread mechanism when ambrosia in a new ecological environment, predict the possible invasion area and find the weak in the process of adaptation. On this basis for further research on the prevention of ragweed. So it is very important for in-depth, the prediction and the prevention of the ambrosia to understand the reason of the successful invasion of ambrosia.