美国常规武器转让政策的形成与演变(1947～1992)

The Formation and Evolution of American Policy on Transfer of Conventional Weapons (1947～1992)

常规武器的转让是冷战期间美国外交政策最常用的手段之一。它是在战后初期美国对外援助政策的基础上演变而成的,其完整的决策程序和指导原则在20世纪70年代形成。其后,美国各届政府采取了不同的政策:卡特政府自我克制,有效限制了美国的对外武器转让;里根政府扩充军备,增加了对外军售;布什政府在国际局势转变过程中推行限制和鼓励这一看似矛盾的政策。美国武器转让政策的演变体现的是一种战略和政治支持。对外军援或军售对象的变化,反映了美国对外战略重点的转移和变化。

The transference of conventional weapons is a most often used tool in American foreign policy during the Cold War. It evolved from America’s foreign aid policy in early postwar years and its complete decisionmaking process and guiding principle were finalized in the 1970s. Subsequent American administrations adopted different policies: the Carter administration exercised self-restraint and effectively constrained American arms transfer to other countries; the Reagan administration engaged in arms expansion and increased foreign arms sales; the George Bush administration promoted a policy of both restraint and encouragement that seemed paradoxical in the course of the transformation of the international situation. The evolution of America’s policy on arms transfer reflects its strategic and political support. The changes of the target country for foreign military aid or arms sales indicate the shift and change of the focus in America’s foreign strategy.