《1844年经济学哲学手稿》的生态视角:马克思思想的生态轨迹之一

An Ecological Interpretation of Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844

马克思主义与环境主义(environmentalism)之间的关系,近年来一直困扰着马学研究者。本论文系列旨在厘清这个关系。本文是第一篇,试图系统地评论马克思早期的《1844年经济学哲学手稿》。作者希望通过生态学所揭示的关系主义视角,梳理出《手稿》中展现的生态蕴义,并希冀借此对马学重新定位。《手稿》的自然观大致可从自然的先在性、人的两面性及劳动辩证法三个层次来理解。质言之,人虽是自然的一部分,但由于人必须借由劳动来对象化自然并借此获取生活所需,因此人与自然环境间的关系既是相互制约亦是相互影响的。此等互动的关系,体现在"人以劳动为手段来‘人化自然’同时也为‘自然所自然化’"之上。劳动使人的自然面向和人本身的存在面向统一,终将导致人类的自然主义和自然的人本主义的统一。由于《手稿》超越了传统人类中心主义的范畴,并朝非人类中心主义的道路迈进,使得马学与当代环境主义有了根本的一致。本文认为此一重要的接点,是未来马学再兴的契机。

This article investigates the ecological relationship of humans to nature in Marx＇s early writing, mainly Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844. In order to re - examine Marxism, we hope to re - anchor Marxism within contemporary green ideologies.Three complementary aspects can be identifiedm Marx s early thought： the objectivity of humans, the subjectivity of humans, and the originality of nature. Since humans cannot exist independently from nacre,Marx suggests ＂dialectics of labour ＂ to harmonise their relations with nature.That is ,once applying labour as a mediator to ＂humanising＂nature,humans in the meantime are also＂naturalised＂during the process of labouring over nature.Understanding the interrelationship of humans and nature,his thought is on longer anthropocentrism,but something beyond it.This promising linkage between Marxism and environmentalism is ,we believe,the only way the Marxism can re-intervene in contemporary life.