摘要
蛋白氨基酸（Proteinogenic amino acid，PAA）及其与mRNA遗传密码之间的对应关系一直以来都是学术界的研究热点。本文从系统学的角度、采用系统化的方法，明确定义了4个基础遗传学系统，并将这些系统抽象为相应的数学集合，在此基础上展开研究，力图揭示通用蛋白氨基酸（Universal PAA，u—PAA）及前述对应关系（标准形式）的系统学规律。本文分为四章，有二个研究重点，其中在第二章研究PAA与mRNA遗传密码之间的标准对应关系；在第三章研究u—PAA的部分通性。第一章论述了系统化等基础性工作的结果及意义。第二章提出“集合性规律（Set Rule）”的概念，并详细阐述了在系统化等工作基础上总结出的4条PAA集合的集合性规律，揭示了部分PAA与mRNA遗传密码之间标准对应关系的系统学规律。运用第一条集合性规律，能够准确、快捷地知道对应1种至6种密码子的u—PAA各有多少种；第二、第三条集合性规律是在以氨基酸对应密码子数为判据下，u—PAA在PAA集合内的分布规律：第四条集合性规律从集合的角度，描述了u—PAA在蛋白质中的平均出现频率（AOFP）与氨基酸对应密码子数之间的高度相关性（关联方程可表示为ω（Pn）=3 Ln （n）＋2），反映出AOFP对PAA与mRNA遗传密码之间标准对应关系的深刻影响。第三章提出“狭义2-6高离散现象（2-6 high discrete phenomenon in natrow sense）”及“广义2-6高离散现象（2—6 high discrete phenomenon in broad sense）”的概念。本章在系统化等工作的基础上，统计了7项u—PAA的通性，其中：1）有4项存在狭义2-6高离散现象，包括：AOFP，等电点（pI），零深度相对倾向性因子（ZdRTF），疏水性指教（HI）；2）有3项存在广义2-6高离散现象，包括：分子量（MW），零深度绝对倾向性因子（ZdATF），最深点深度倾向性因子（DTFDP）.如果能够深入地认识并解释2-6高离散现象，尤其是深入了解2-6高离散现象在u—PAA通性中的普适程度，对人们完善氨基酸与密码子的进化理论、进一步了解不同氨基酸在蛋白质中的作用之差异性均有积极意义。
第四章系统地总结了本文的研究成果。
Proteinogenic amino acids （PAAs） as well as their corresponding relationship with mRNA genetic codes has long been a hot topic in the academia. This thesis, from the perspective of systematology, adopts systematization methods to define four basic genetics systems and abstracts them into corresponding mathematic sets. On this basis, the study then aims at revealing systematology rules behind Universal PAAs（u-PAAs） and the above-mentioned corresponding relationship in standard form. The thesis is divided into four chapters with two key points. The second chapter focuses on the standard corresponding relationship between PAAs and mRNA genetic codes while the third chapter is on some general properties of u-PAAs. The first chapter discusses the achievements and significance of fundamental work such as systematization etc. The second chapter puts forward the concept of Set Rule and elaborates four set rules of the PAA Set on the foundation of systematization, revealing the systematology rules of the standard corresponding relationship between PAAs and mRNA genetic codes. With the first set rule, we are able to identify that how many u-PAAs there are in correspondence with 1 to 6 codons, respectively. The second and third set rules are distribution rules of u-PAAs in the PAA Set based on the numbers of corresponding codons. The fourth set rule describes the high correlation between the Average Occurrence Frequency in Proteins（AOFP） of u-PAAs and the corresponding codons （The correlation equation can be written as ω（Pn）= 3 Ln（n）＋2 ）, which reflects the profound influence of AOFP on the standard corresponding relationship between PAAs and mRNA genetic codes. The third chapter brings about the concepts of 2-6 high discrete phenomenon in narrow sense and 2-6 high discrete phenomenon in broad sense. On the foundation of systematization research, this chapter compiles statistics on 7 u-PAA general properties, among which 2-6 high discrete phenomenon in narrow sense exists in four and 2-6 high discrete phenomenon in broad sense in three. If 2-6 high discrete phenomenon can be understood and explained in depth, especially its degree ot universality in u-PAA general properties, it will contribute to improvements in amino acids and codons evolution theory and better understanding of different roles of different amino acids play in proteins. The fourth chapter is a systematic conclusion of this thesis.
