特免权规则:美国的制度与实践——兼论特免权规则的普遍性与差异性及中国语境下特免权规则的确立

Privilege Rules: The System and Practice in USA-On the Universality and Differences of Privilege Rules and Their Establishment in the Context of P.R. China

英美证据法上设立特免权规则的目的在于保障特定的国家政策和具有普遍性的价值观念。特免权规则不仅存在于英美法系国家,而且也存在于大陆法系国家。但我国法律并没有明确地确立任何特免权规则,因此,我们应当审慎地对待特免权规则的移植问题。对于那些体现全人类共同价值的特免权规则,应当毫不犹豫地加以移植;对于尚无生活基础的特免权规则,暂时可不予考虑;对于相应制度具有类似功效且在实践中尚无显著问题的领域,也可以维持现状。

The privilege rules in Anglo-American evidence law are to protect particular state policies and some universal values. These rules exist not only in the Anglo-American legal system, but also in civil law countries. However, Chinese law does not explicitly provide any privilege. Therefore, we should transplant privilege rules with deliberations. We should introduce rules based on universal human nature without any hesitation, and leave alone those that have no roots in our life. For those that have similar effects as privilege rules, we may just maintain their status quo.