菊花对氮、磷、钾、钙和镁营养吸收与分配规律的研究

Characteristics of accumulation and distribution of nitrogen,phosphorus,potassium,calcium and magnesium in Chrysanthemum morifolium

目的:研究菊花植株干物质积累规律,及其对氮、磷、钾、钙和镁营养吸收与分配规律,以期为制定菊花科学施肥的栽培措施提供依据。方法:在菊花不同生育期进行取样,分别测定植株不同器官的干物质量,及其氮、磷、钾、钙和镁的含量。结果:菊花生育期内植株干物质积累量随着氮、磷、钾、钙和镁营养吸收与累积而线性增加。不同生育期,植株对各营养吸收与分配不同。营养生长期各营养元素主要集中在植株的叶中,随着植株由营养生长转向生殖生长,各营养将逐渐向蕾、花及根部分配与转移。其中,花芽分化期既是菊花植株干物质积累量最大的时期,也是其氮、磷、钾营养的最大效率期。生产上,每生产100 kg菊花药材需要吸收带走4.13 kg氮,0.37 kg磷,5.03 kg钾,3.03 kg钙,0.81 kg镁,各营养间吸收比例为N-P-K-Ca-Mg1∶0.09∶1.22∶0.73∶0.20。结论:花芽分化期是菊花植株生长发育最关键的时期,生产上要注意这一生育期植株矿质营养和水分的供应,以促进植株花芽分化和干物质累积。在施肥时,磷、钾肥要提早施用,而氮肥宜分次施用,并需适当补充钙、镁肥。

Objective ： To study the characteristics of dry matter accumulation and N, P, K, Ca and Mg accumulation and dis- tribution of Chrysanthemum morifolium. Method： The sampling were carried out on the different growing time of C. morifolium, and the amount of dry matter and the content of N, P, K, Ca and Mg in all parts of the plant were measured. Result： The dry matter accu- mulation was lineally increased with the absorption and accumulation of N, P, K, Ca, and Mg. In different growing periods, the accumulation and distribution of mineral nutrition were different in C. morifolium. The mineral nutrition was mostly in the leaf of the plant in the vegetative period. When the growth changed from vegetative growth to reproductive growth, the mineral nutrition was transferred and distributed into bud, flower and root shoot. And the period of flower bud differentiation of C. morifolium was the period of maximal accumulation of dry matter and showed the maximum efficiency of N, P and K nutrition. For production of 100 kg dry flower 4.13 kg N, 0.37 kg P, 5.03 kg K, 3.03 kg Ca and 0.81 kg Mg were needed. And the ratio of them was 1： 0.09： 1.22： 0.73： 0.20. Conclusion： The period of flower bud differentiation is the most crucial period in the growth of C. morifolium. And it must pay attention to the supply of mineral nutrition and moisture of plant to promote flower formation and dry matter accumulation in this period. It is strongly recommended that the phosphorus and potassium fertilizers should be early applied, the nitrogenous fertilizer should be applied dividedly, and the calcium magnesium fertilizers are also applied properly.