淮北平原冬小麦平衡施肥技术研究

Research on the Balance Fertilization Technique of Winter Wheat in Huaibei Plain

［目的］实现农业的高产优质高效和可持续发展。［方法］以普通砂姜黑土为供试土壤，采用完全随机区组排列进行田间施肥试验。［结果］施氮、磷、钾小麦的增产率为13.3%-44.7%、5.6%-11.8%和9.8%-13.2%，其平均增产率为22.6%、8.1%和11.3%。不施氮肥或钾肥小麦的相对产量为69.1%-88.3%和88.3%-91.0%，其平均相对产量为82.3%和89.8%，减产11.7%-30.1%和9.0%-11.7%，平均减产17.7%和10.2%；不施磷肥小麦的相对产量为89.4%-94.7%，减产5.3%-10.6%，平均减产7.5%。平衡施肥较不施氮肥对照增收1 106-1 562元/hm^2，施用氮肥的产投比达2.57-4.34∶1；较不施磷肥对照增收268-909元/hm^2，施用磷肥的产投比为1.90-3.53∶1；较不施钾肥对照增收525-1 003元/hm^2，施用钾肥的产投比为3.81-5.62∶1。施用氮、磷、钾小麦分别平均增收1 308、628和824元/hm^2，其平均产投比分别为3.32∶1、2.86∶1和4.64∶1。［结论］该研究为冬小麦平衡施肥技术在淮北平原的推广应用奠定了基础。

[ Objective] The research aimed to realize the high yield, good quality, high efficiency and sustainable development of agriculture. [ Method ] With common standy black soil as tested soil, the field fertilization experiment with randomized block arrangement was carried out. [ Result ] The yield increase rates of wheat fertilized with nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium were 13.3% -44.7% , 5.6% - 11.8% and 9.8% - 13.2% and their average yield increase rates were 22.6% , 8.1% and 11.3%. The relative yields of wheat fertilized without nitrogen or potassium fertilizer were 69. 1% - 88.3% and 88.3% - 91.0% , their average relative yields were 82.3% and 89.8% , their yield decreases were 11.7% - 30.1% ;and 9.0% - 11.7% and their average yield decreases were 17.7% and 10.2%. The relative yield of wheat fertilized without phosphorous fertilizer was 89.4% - 94.7% , its yield decrease was 5.3% - 10.6% and its average yield decrease was 7.5%. The income increase of balance fertilization was 1 106 - 1 562 yuan/hm^2 in comparison with CK fertilized without nitrogen fertilizer and the ratio of output to input of nitrogen fertilization was up to 2.57 -4.34：1 ; its income increase was 268 -909 yuan/hm^2 in comparison with CK fertilized without phosphorous fertilizer and the ratio of output to input of phosphorous fertilization was 1.90 -3.53：l ; its income increase was 525 - 1 003 yuan/hm^2 in comparison with CK fertilized without potassium fertilizer and the ratio of output to input of potassium fertilization was 3.81 -5.62：1. The average income increases of wheat fertilized with nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium were 1 308, 628 and 824 yuan/hm^2 resp. and their average ratios of output to input were 3.32：1,2.86：1 and 4.64：1 resp. [ Conclusion ] The research laid a foundation for the popularization and application of balance fertilization technique of winter wheat in Huaibei plain.