佛教在元大都传布的历史考察

A Historical Investigation of the Dissemination of Buddhism in Yuan Capital Dadu

元朝是由蒙古贵族建立的幅员辽阔而统一的多民族大帝国。蒙元统治者在宗教信仰上实行"兼容并包"和承认现状的政策,对中原地区已有的道教、佛教、伊斯兰教、基督教,以及其他宗教信仰都予以承认,故在元朝形成了多种宗教与文化并存、共同发展的局面。由于蒙、藏的特殊关系,元朝统治者对藏传佛教尤为尊崇,并且将藏传佛教的"领袖由国师提为帝师,建立起元代特有的帝师制度,使藏传佛教及其领袖具有了崇高的社会地位"[1]696。由于元朝统治者对佛教特殊的关爱,作为蒙元帝国的大都(即北京地区),无论是汉传佛教,还是藏传佛教在元朝统治时期都颇为兴盛。元朝政府在至元二十五年(1288年)改总制院为宣政院,进一步加强了对全国佛教的管理。元大都遂成为佛教发展的中心。

The Yuan Dynasty, founded by Mongolian aristocrafts, was a great and unified empire of multiple nationalities with its vast territory. In terms of religion, the Mongolian rulers carried out a compatible religious policy, recognizing all the exisiting religions in the central plains such as Taoism, Buddhism, Islam, Christianity and others. The Yuan Dynansty, therefore, created a period of co-existence and development of multiple religions and cuhures. Because of the special relations between Mongolians and Tibetans, the Yuan rulers paid a special attetion to Tibetan Buddhism and offered very high social ranks to the leaders of Tibetan Buddhism. In Beijing, the capital of the great empire of the Mongolian Yuan Dynansty, therefore, both Chinese Buddhism and Tibetan Buddhism flourished during the Yuan Dynansty and Yuan Capital Dadu gradually became the center of Buddhist development in this area.