伊儿汗国后期商业和城市发展的原因及特点

Reason and Features of Commerce of City Development in the Later Ilkhanate

伊儿汗国是蒙古帝国第三次西征的直接产物。伊儿汗国统治西亚时期(1253～1355年),商业和城市发展状况在前后两个阶段表现出截然相反的两种现象。伊儿汗国前期(1253～1295年),因为蒙古人的征伐和坚持落后的游牧经济传统,造成西亚地区城市经济严重衰退。伊儿汗国后期(1295～1355年),由于蒙古帝国的崛起带来亚欧大陆的相对统一与和平,加之伊儿汗国地处亚欧大陆的交汇区域,地理位置优越,国内外交通四通八达。更因为蒙古统治者变更传统的统治政策,诸伊儿汗热衷城市建设,鼓励发展商业贸易,特别是合赞汗实行全面的社会改革,农业和手工业经济很大程度上得到恢复和发展,致使伊儿汗国后期商业贸易繁荣,城市发展。伊儿汗国商业和城市发展的一个重要特点是大不里士为中心的小亚细亚和波斯地区的商业和城市更加繁荣,巴格达为中心的两河流域的商业和城市相对萎缩;另一个特点是中介型的国际远程贸易特别繁荣,中转贸易活跃。

The īl-Khānid state was quite different from the one under the last īl-Khāns.As a whole,the Mongol conquest and the early Ilkhanate was marked by the decline of city trade,the later Ilkhanate was characterized by something of an upsurge of commerce and city,especially as a result of the reform of Ghazan.The industry and commerce in some towns and cities revived,and made considerable progress,Tabrīz as a centre of great city-emporiums surpassed Baghdad,īl-Khānid commerce was marked by the prosperous transit trade.