三尖杉短周期药用林高产栽培技术研究

Study on High-yield Cultivation Technology of Short Rotation Medical Plantation of Cephalotaxus fortunei

针对三尖杉生长缓慢的生物学特性,设置了有关苗木培育、幼林栽培和采收利用等试验,并结合生产经验,研究了三尖杉优质苗木培育、短周期药用林高产栽培和采收利用技术体系。试验结果表明,通过及时催芽和提早至3月进行点播,出苗后适时遮阳（透光率为自然光照的10%）,及加强水肥管理和病虫害防治等技术,可突破1年生苗木生长慢的技术瓶颈,可使大面积培育的三尖杉苗木平均苗高达20 cm,平均地径达0.45 cm。选用药用优良种源和品种,配套科学的栽培技术措施可实现三尖杉短周期药用林高产栽培。若利用山地经营,可选择在Ⅰ、Ⅱ类立地的残次阔叶林林冠下或地形隐蔽、东向的山垅旱地,采用苗高21-25 cm,地径0.40 cm以上的Ⅰ、Ⅱ级优质苗造林,残次阔叶树要求林冠透光率在55%左右。林冠下栽植和山垅旱地造林的适宜密度分别为1 m×0.3 m和0.3 m×0.3 m;若利用农田庇荫设施栽培,应选用苗高15-20 cm,地径0.30 cm以上规格的苗木栽植,栽植密度为0.3 m×0.3 m,遮阳透光率在50%左右。苗木栽种后须加强幼林抚育和病虫害防治及配比施用N肥、P肥或K肥等。利用农田设施栽培和山地种植的三尖杉药用林,可分别于栽植后第3-4年和第4-6年秋冬季进行枝叶采收、截干采收和全株采收,截干采收时截干高度以10 cm最佳。

Considering the slow growth rate of Cephalotaxus furtunei,field trials were conducted including seedling fostering,plantation cultivation as well as harvesting mode to establish systematic technique including nursing of super seedlings,cultivation of short-period,high-yield officinal plantation of C.furtunei.Through timely accelerating germination,early sowing,timely shading after germination（10% intensity of the sunlight）,favorable management for water and fertility,as well as strict control for disease and pest,the growth rate of one-year old seedlings were improved,and the average height and diameter of C.furtunei seedlings reached 20 cm and 0.45 cm respectively.The efficient nursing could be achieved by the utilization of super provenances and varieties,as well as matching for relevant scientific techniques for nursing.For the mountainous sites,land under the crown of broadleaf at grade Ⅰ or Ⅱ stands,as well as eastward shady land would be preferential,and super seedlings of grade I or II with 21-25 cm for height and 0.40 cm for diameter should be selected for cultivation.The proper planting density should be 1 m × 0.3 m and 0.3 m × 0.3 m for land under broadleaf crown and shady droughty land respectively.If the havelock equipment in field was used,seedlings with 15-20 cm for height and 0.30 cm for diameter should be selected for cultivation,with the density and transmittance being 0.3 cm × 0.3 cm and 50% respectively.After planting,fostering for young seedlings and preventing for disease and pest should be strengthened,at the same time the N,P and K should be properly applied.The harvest,including harvest of branches,leaves,cutting stem or the whole plant in short-period and high-yield officinal plantation of C.fortunei should be performed in autumn and winter 3-4 years or 4-5 years after planting,of which the stem should be cut at height of 10 cm.