5American Thoracic Society. Dyspnoea: mechanisms, assessment and management: a consensus statement[J]. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 1999,159: 321 - 340
6Jennings AL, Davies AN, Higgins JPT, et al. Opioids for the palliation of breathlessness in terminal illness[J]. Cochrane Dattabase Syst Rev, 2002,4:1 - 33
7Jennings AL, Davies AN, Higgins JPT, et al. A systematic review of the use of pioids in the management of dyspnoea[J] .Thorax,2002,57:939 - 944
8Polosa R,Simidchiev A, Walters EH.Nebulised morphine for severe interstitial lung disease[J] .The Cochrane Database Syst Rev,2004,1
9Varkey, Basil MDFCCP. Palliative care for end-stage lung disease patients [J]. Clinical Pulmonary Medicine, 2003,10(5) :269 - 277
10Cohen MH, Anderson AJ, Krasnow SH, et al. Continunous intravenous infusion of morphine for severe dyspnea[J] .South Med J, 1991,84:229 - 234