合作社:作为制度化进程的意外后果

China's Cooperative:As unintended consequences of institutionalizing processes

具有中国特色的合作社是农民的专业合作经济组织,这类组织相对于企业和社团的特殊性以及所具有的极其突出的中国特色,增加了对其进行研究的难度,社会学家对它的整体意象迄今没有建立起来。本文类比"单位"研究中的意象建构策略,将中国特色的合作社理解为"制度化进程中的意外后果"。作者以当前专业合作经济组织中广泛存在的"名实分离"现象为切入点,说明这种意象建构策略为什么是可行的。文章从非科层性集权关系在地方经济生活中的存在与强化来概述中国合作社所面临的制度化进程,这种非科层性的集权关系越来越以选择性再分配体系的强化为基础。制度化的进程必然遭遇各个行动者,包括专业合作经济组织对自主性空间的建构行动,结果出现了一系列的意外后果,包括"名实分离"现象。

Rural specialized cooperative economic organization has often been viewed as cooperatives with Chinese characteristics,while its Chinese characteristics have been difficult for sociologists to successfully depict as a sociological image. Nudged by the analysis strategy from Danwei study,this paper manages to describe the institutional essence of these organizations as unintended consequence of institutionalizing processes. 'Mingshi Fenli'(absorbing nominal institution by market organizations)is one prevalent strategy absorbed by more and more rural specialized cooperative economic organization to adapt to the going institutionalizing environment,which can be outlined according to the power relationship between government institutes and rural economic organizations. After the launch of rural economic reform in 1978,the power concentration relationship inside bureaucracy between government organs and rural economic organizations has loosened,but now,the concentric power relationship once enclosed in government bureaucracy has already gone across its organizational border and dominated these rural economic organizations again. Power concentration relationship outside bureaucracy has come into being unexpectedly. These rural economic elites and their organizations have to construct autonomy space to survive and realize their profit maximization.