两战期间英国对德绥靖政策原因的新视角

Reason of British Appeasement Policy toward Germany between the Two World Wars

一战以后,战胜的英国发现自己处于非常尴尬的境地:英法是依靠美国的巨大实力来赢得战争的,但美国参战的主要目的之一却在于毁灭旧大陆的均势体系。美国退出之后,所谓的欧洲"均势"实际上就是由英、法、德、意这四个实力和意愿难以彼此平衡的大国,再加上一系列小国和弱国组成的不均衡体系,当时实力最为强大的美俄两国都被排除在该体系之外。在均势不可能恢复或者继续维持的情况下,英国固守传统只会导致自我利益受损,更何况凡尔赛条约实质上是一个仅立意于掠夺战败国而不是其字面上所宣言的重建和平、恢复均势的条约。因此英国采取一种"反均势"的政策企图摆脱这一尴尬的境地,而绥靖政策也就应运而生。

After the First World War, Britain found herself in a quite difficult situation. Britain and France had won the war only with the help of the US power, but one of the main purposes of the for attending the war is to destroy the Balance-of-Powers system of Europe. After the US strength retreated, the so--called ＂equilibrium of Europe＂ in fact consisted of four powers： Britain, France, Germany, Italy, and surrounded by a number of small or weak states. The biggest powers of the world then the US and Russia were excluded from this system. Though the equilibrium could not be maintained or rebuilt, Britain tried to adopt an anti-balance policy to break out of this situation. Beyond all these, the Versailles Treaty was made to rob all the beaten states, not to restore peace or rebuild equilibrium. Hence the Appeasement Policy came as an anti-balance counterpart.