汉语Tp小句的语义潜势和语法构型——兼论“优先话题”的语法身份

On the Semantic Potential and Configurative Types of Chinese Tp-clause

汉语语法学界对于"话题凸显"句的句法特点、成分划分以及"优先话题"的语法身份等问题一直有所争议,部分研究存在方法问题,包括对语法单位、研究术语的界定不一,混淆句法、语义、语篇层面等。本研究以系统功能语法的元功能思想和层次化理论为语言学框架,以英、汉、法语的Tp小句为语料,系统分析"优先话题"在语篇、经验和人际意义表达上的语义潜势:"优先成分"为小句的主位,由表达经验意义的事项性环境成分承担,它既不属于小句语气部分的主语、也不表达经验过程的参与者;Tp小句通过将事项性环境成分主位化,实现了主位焦点化的语义选择。论文进一步构建了汉语主位焦点化的语义网络,在精密度阶上推至三级入列条件,并据此列举汉语Tp小句的24类构型。

The Mandarin Chinese is affluent in Topic-prominent constructions while the domestic researches into the domain are still controversial over the syntactic status of its constituents and the grammatical identity of the Preposed-topic. Some researches were flawed by the inconsistency with the definition of the unit of Tp-structure, the hasty loan of terms from dif- ferent theoretical backgrounds or a blurring spectacle on functions of language at distinguishable strata. This paper probes into the semantic potential of Tp-clause by applying the meta-function philosophy and stratification theory to the analysis of relation of meaning and structure. The conclusions include： the Preposed constituent functions as the Theme to realize tex- tual meaning and the Circumstantial of Matter to represent experience; with the Thematization of Matter, Tp-clause realizes the choice of Theme-focusing. The paper further investigates into the system of Theme-Focusing, extends the present system along the cline of delicacy and adds three more entry conditions. Theme-focusing in Chinese is therefore of 24 types of grammatical configuration and the 24 types of Tp-clauses are presented in Fig. 6.