俄国的教育与俄罗斯知识分子的诞生

Education of Russia and Origin of Russian Intelligentsia

从10世纪起至17世纪末古罗斯的教育一直在东正教会的掌控之中。这在俄罗斯知识分子的传统和行为上打了深深的烙印。18世纪彼得大帝实施的教育改革使受教育阶层的形成机制发生了变化;从18世纪后期开始,出版业有了长足的进步。这一切使受教育人士在社会精神生活中发挥了越来越大的作用。到18世纪最后的20年间,在俄国已经形成了一个以贵族为主干成分的受教育阶层。他们通过授学、著述、从事艺术创作及翻译等方式获得了经济和人格上的独立,不再仰仗国家的俸禄和权贵的赏赐。

The origin of the Russian intellectuals is a significant issue which not only affects people＇ s perspectives on the essence and traits of the Russian intellectuals, but also decides how people evaluate the role intellectuals play in the culture of the nation, the national features and types of the intellectuals, as well as the intrinsic nature of the intellectuals and the trend of their development. There has long existed, however, a controversy over the issue in Russian academic circles. To a large extent, it is related to the diversity of the criterions on how to define intellectuals. Approaching the issue from differ- ent angles, scholars can hardly reach an agreement. They either made the judgment from the point of view of the social structure, from the traits of intellectuals, or from the function of the intellectuals. But actually their views are complementa- ry and deserve a synthesized study.