弓形虫病：食用肉类传播的风险及控制对策

Toxoplasmosis： the risk and control strategy of human transmission by meat

刚地弓形虫被发现和命名已有100年的历史，全世界有三分之一的人口感染弓形虫，但弓形虫病仍不受重视甚至不予报告。对经食物传播疾病的最新研究显示，弓形虫病具有与沙门菌病或弯曲菌病同样高的疾病负担。此种高的疾病负担以及当前可用的治疗手段的疗效不尽如人意，使得寻求对该病有效的控制更为迫切。该文讨论了食用夹生肉或肉制品传播弓形虫病的风险，分析了由上述原因引起的人类弓形虫病的控制对策。减少环境中卵囊的数量和对牧场动物实施监控，可有效地减少肉用动物的弓形虫感染。通过屠宰后肉的冷冻、辐射、高压等处理，可提供弓形虫－安全肉。目前最好的处理方法是对肉进行冷冻处理。由于宗教、文化、食物加工和烹饪习惯的差异，可能会使某一种类型的肉成为重要的传染源，必须根据本地区的社会习惯来制定可行的预防措施。

It has been over 100 years since the discovery and naming of Toxoplasma gondii. One-third of the world population are infected with T. gondii. However, toxoplasmosis is still seen as a neglected and underreported disease. Recent calculations have indicated that the burden of toxoplasmosis ranks at the same level as salmonellosis or campylobacteriosis. The high burden of the disease in combination with disappointing results of the currently available treatment options have led to a plea for more effective prevention. In this review we describe Toxoplasma as a hazard associated with the consumption of undercooked meat or meat products and analyze the control strategy for the risk of human toxoplasmosis. Surveillance and monitoring programs may be implemented for pre-harvest control of Toxoplasma infection of farm animals, with the reduction of environmental oocyst load as the most important measure. Although Toxoplasma-free meat can be obtained through simple postharvest decontamination procedures such as freezing, irradiation or high pressure treatment, freezing the meat may be the best option currently. Influence of culture, religion and food handling customs may predispose a certain type of meat as an important source of infection, indicating that prevention needs to be tailored according to social habits in different regions of the world.