清康熙绘本《黄河图》及相关史实考述

A Study of Map of the Yellow River(Huanghe tu) Painted in the Kangxi Period of the Qing Dynasty and an Examination of Related History

台北故宫博物院图书文献处藏有一幅不具作者与年代的长卷式绢本彩绘《黄河图》。经考证,此图是康熙帝亲自授命、由康熙朝河道总督靳辅延聘幕僚周洽、李含渼等人在清康熙二十三至二十六年(1684—1687)间绘制而成。周洽通过实地考察黄河并参照各地其他舆图,与李含渼等一起绘成两幅《黄河图》。靳辅于康熙二十六年九月将其中一幅呈奏康熙帝御览,后收贮于清内务府造办处舆图房,现存北京中国第一历史档案馆;另一幅在民国时期被北平图书馆舆图部收购,现藏台北故宫博物院图书文献处。周洽《黄河图》采用鸟瞰式画法,描绘了靳辅治理黄河、运河时修建的重要水利工程,以及黄河下游两岸重要的自然和人文地理景观,反映了清代的舆图绘制机制,具有极其重要的历史价值。此图是仅存的几幅鸟瞰式水利图之一,也是最精美、最能代表康熙前中期绘图风格的黄河图之一,在中国地图史和艺术史上都占有重要地位。

The Library of the National Palace Museum in Taipei houses a horizontal color scroll on silk,Map of the Yellow River(Huanghe tu),that bears no authorial name or date.Study reveals that this was personally commissioned by the Kangxi Emperor and the actual drafting entrusted in 1684-1687 to Zhou Qia and Li Hanxian recruited for the purpose by the Hedao Zongdu(River and Waterways Governor) Jin Fu.Zhou Qia relied on field surveys of the Yellow River as well as consulting all extant maps to prepare with Li Hanxian two maps of the Yellow River.In the ninth lunar month of 1687 Jin Fu presented to the emperor one copy of the map which was subsequently housed in the mapping room of the Zaoban Chu,and this copy is now kept in the China Number One Historical Archive in Beijing.The second map was kept in the Maps Department of the Beiping Library during the Republican period and is now in the Manuscripts Section of the Palace Museum Library in Taipei.Zhou Qia's bird's-eye painting style used in this map depicts the important hydraulic projects repaired and constructed during the period when Jin Fu managed and supervised the Yellow River and Grand Canal,as well as the major natural and cultural features along the lower Yellow River and its tributaries,having great historical value reflecting the Qing Dynasty's mapping system.This map is only one of a few bird's eye hydraulic maps,and is one of the finest representative examples of maps of the Yellow River in the early-mid Kangxi period,as well as occupying an important position in the history of Chinese maps and Chinese art.