从事件的角度看补语“上来”和“下来”的对称与不对称

The Symmetry and Asymmetry of the Complements shànɡlɑi and xiàlɑi Viewed from the Perspective of Event

本文根据"述+上来/下来"所表达的位移事件类型的不同,对补语"上来"和"下来"的对称与不对称情况进行了分析。认为述补结构表达空间位移事件和状态位移事件时,"上来"和"下来"既有对称的情况,也有不对称的情况;表达时间位移事件时,"上来"和"下来"是不对称的。这种不对称与物理空间的上下位移事件密切相关:当物理空间的上下位置关系投射到状态域和时间域时,可衍生出"动态为上,静态为下""时间较早为上,时间较晚为下"的抽象位置关系,因而凸显位移主体由动态向静态转移或表达时间位移时,不能用"上来"式。当纵向的"上下"位置关系向横向的前后位置关系延伸时,可发展出"前为上,后为下"的意义,因而表示位移主体由后向前位移时,不能用"下来"式。

Based on the different types of motion events expressed by the constructions V/adj＋shànɡlɑi（上来） /xiàlɑi（下来） ,this paper analyzes the symmetry and asymmetry of the complements shànɡlɑi and xiàlɑi . It is believed that when the constructions express spatial motion and statal motion,shànɡlɑi and xiàlɑi are symmetrical as well as asymmetrical;when the constructions express temporal motion,shànɡlɑi and xiàlɑi are asymmetrical. The asymmetry is closely related to factive motion. When the physical space of the upper and lower position is projected to states or time, the following principles can be derived： 1 ） ＂The dynamic state is up and the static state is down＂ and 2）＂An earlier time is up and a later time is down＂. So we can not use the construction V/adj ＋ shanylai to express the statal motion when the object is changing from dynamic state to static state and temporal motion. When the vertical ＂up- down＂ position extends to the horizontal position, what we can derive is ＂Forward is up and backward is down＂. So we can not use the construction ＂Wadj ＋ xialai to express the motion when the object is approaching the observer.