“选择性注意”与“差异效应”在汉语“得”字方式补语习得中的作用

Effects of Elective Attention and Noticing the Gap in CFL Acquisition of Chinese Manner Complement of de

本报告通过实验方法,集中探讨"选择性注意"及"差异效应"在中文方式补语习得过程中的作用。本实验由30名美国大学生参加,通过两个实验组、一个对照组的前测、后测、后续测及三周的专门教学处理,系统考察了两种不同的教学处理方法(输出加强、纠错反馈)是否引起"选择性注意"及"差异效应",是否有利于学习者较快获得汉语的方式补语结构。本实验经过测试比较、统计分析、错误分类得出四个结论:第一,接受直接纠错反馈及加强输出两种教学处理后,学习者在后测和后续测的表达测试中正确率都比对照组高,但三组的理解测试成绩则没有差别,这说明这两种教学处理可以帮助学习者对目标结构的输出;第二,后测与后续测的表达正确率显示:直接纠错反馈的教学处理较加强输出似乎更有持续效果;第三,学习者的表达错误在前、后测的分布变化说明:直接纠错反馈及加强输出的教学处理可以引起学习者对目标结构的"选择性注意"及"差异效应",并导致学习者重构目标结构的规则;第四,学习者在接受处理前后的学习历程不但在一定程度上揭示了汉语"得"字结构的习得规律,而且肯定了在教学上有必要培训教师的"选择性注意"及"差异效应"教学技能。

This experimental study explores effects of selective attention and ＂noticing the gap＂ principle in L2 acquisition of the Chinese manner complement of de（得） . After a pretest,30 US CFL undergraduate students were selected to participate in this study and were randomly divided into two experimental and one control groups. Participants in the experimental groups received two types of pedagogical treatments respectively for three weeks. One focused on directing learner s attention to the target structure through output activities and the other through corrective feedback. By comparing the test scores and error distribution in pre, post, and follow-up tests, the study was able to obtain four significant results contributing to CFL acquisition and teaching. First, both the experimental groups （output and corrective feedback） outperformed the control group in production of the target structure in the post and follow-up tests, indicating positive effects of pedagogical treatments in acquisition of Chinese manner complements of de. Second, a further statistical analysis showed advantage of corrective over output treatments in achieving lasting effects. Third, ＂selective attention＂ and ＂noticing the gap＂ can be incorporated in pedagogical treatments to help focus learners ＇- attention on key elements of a target structure. Finally, the productive results of the study indicated a possible acquisitional sequence of Chinese manner complete of de by I2 English speakers.