论两汉不动产买卖及其法律控制——兼及两汉不动产买卖契约的基本情况

On the Real Estate Business and Its Control in the Han Dynasty

两汉时期不动产买卖极为盛行,其所以如此,主要出于三个方面的原因,即商品经济的活跃、不动产私有制的深化和农业经济的局限。不动产买卖的盛行引发了许多问题,两汉政府为此进行了多方面控制,包括禁止强买强卖、禁止商贾名田、禁止擅自买卖公田和名田他县,等等。两汉时期不动产买卖都要订立契约,这些契约一般应包括六个方面的内容,即买卖时间、当事人姓名、标的物情况、不动产价款及交付情况、瑕疵担保责任、见证人等,这种情况表明,汉代契约已经是一种相当成熟的契约,同时也表明汉人在控制契约、保证交易安全方面已经达到相当高的水平。

In the Han Dynasty, the real estate business was extremely flourishing owing to three maim factors, namely the active merchandise economy, the real estate privately owned system and the limit of agriculture economy. The flourishing real estate business causing many problems, so the Han government took many measures to control it, including forbidding buying or selling unfairly, forbidding businessmen possessing farmland and forbidding without authorization buying or selling public farmland etc.. In the Han Dynasty, the real estate business needed a contract which should include some basic clauses such as the buying or selling time, the name of the parties, the object, the price, the witness and so on. In the light of the content of the contract, we can say the contract in the Han Dynasty had been a kind of developed contract.