长期定位施肥对水稻、小麦产量和土壤养分的影响

Effect of long-term located fertilization on the yields of rice and wheat and soil nutrient

经连续12年有机肥和化肥配施的定位试验,至第12年对水稻、小麦进行数据监测,结果表明,3个施化肥处理中,施栏肥配施化肥处理的有效穗比秸秆还田配施化肥作物(小麦、单季稻)2季增加86.9万/hm2,秸秆还田配施化肥的有效穗比单施化肥作物(小麦、单季稻)2季增加11.65万/hm2;作物(小麦、单季稻)产量2季以施栏肥配施化肥比秸秆还田配施化肥年平均增产367.5 kg/hm2,增长率为3.4%,秸秆还田配施化肥比单施化肥年增长率提高了5.8%。3个不施化肥处理中,施栏肥的有效穗比秸秆还田作物(小麦、单季稻)2季增加33.3万/hm2,秸秆还田的有效穗比不施肥(对照)作物(小麦、单季稻)2季增加19.95万/hm2。施栏肥比秸秆还田年平均增产277.5 kg/hm2,增长率7.4%,秸秆还田比不施肥(对照)增产15.8%。土壤养分施栏肥和秸秆还田耕层(0～20 cm)土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、碱解氮、速效磷均有提高,施栏肥增幅最大,无机区增幅较小。而全钾、速效钾含量变化程度不同。通过监测结果得出,以栏肥配施化肥的施肥方式对作物增产和改良土壤效果最好。

The fixed position experiments were carried out on rice and wheat with the application of organic plus chemical fertilizers for 12 years. The results showed that among three treatments containing chemical fertilizer,the effective panicles of wheat and single-cropping late rice increased 869,000 kg/hm^2 in two seasons with the treatment of manure plus chemical fertilizer in comparison with the return of rice stalk plus chemical fertilizer,meanwhile,the effective panicles of wheat and single-cropping late rice increased 116,000 kg/hm^2 in two seasons with the treatment of the return of rice stalk plus chemical fertilizer in comparison with the single application of chemical fertilizer. In addition ,the average crop yield per year of wheat and single-cropping late rice increased 367.5 kg/hm^2 in two seasons with the treatment of manure plus chemical fertilizer in comparison with the return of rice stalk plus chemical fertilizer,whose increasing rate was 3.4%. Compared with the single application of chemical fertilizer,the increasing rate was 5.8% when treated with the return of rice stalk plus chemical fertilizer. Among three treatments without chemical fertilizer, the effective panicles of wheat and single-cropping late rice increased 333,000 kg/hm^2 in two seasons with the treatment of manure plus chemical fertilizer in comparison with the return of rice stalk plus chemical fertilizer,meanwhile,the effective panicles of wheat and single-cropping late rice increased 199,500 kg/ hm^2 in two seasons with the treatment of the return of rice stalk plus chemical fertilizer in comparison with no fertilizer （the control）. The average crop yield per year of wheat and single-cropping late rice increased 277.5 kg/hm^2 in two seasons with the treatment of manure plus chemical fertilizer in comparison with the return of rice stalk plus chemical fertilizer,whose increasing rate was 7.4%. Compared with the control,the increasing rate was 15.8% when treated with the return of rice stalk plus chemical fertilizer. The contents of soil organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, available nitrogen and available phosphorus increased with application of the manure plus chemical fertilizer and the return of rice stalk plus chemical fertilizer,among which ,the increase amplitude was the biggest with the treatment of manure fertilizer,the treatment of straw returning took second place and the increase amplitude with the treatment of inorganic fertilizer was smaller. The variation degree of total potassium and available potassium was different. In conclusion, the application of manure plus chemical fertilizer could effectively increase the crop yield and improve the soil characters.