铁线莲属植物的化学成分研究进展

Advance in chemical constituents of genus Clematis

笔者对毛茛科铁线莲属植物化学成分研究进行了综述。铁线莲属植物化学成分比较复杂,化学结构类型包括三萜、黄酮、木脂素、香豆素、生物碱、挥发油、甾体、有机酸、大环化合物及酚类等,其中三萜皂苷、黄酮、木脂素是主要的结构类型。铁线莲属植物中的三萜皂苷主要为齐墩果酸型和常春藤皂苷元型,其中大部分为苷元的3位和28位均连有糖链的双糖链苷,只有少数为苷元的3位或28位接糖链的单糖链苷,有些皂苷的糖链上还有乙酰基(Ac)、咖啡酰基(CA)、异阿魏酰基(IF)、对甲氧基桂皮酰基(MC)和3,4-二甲氧基桂皮酰基(DMC)等取代基。其中的黄酮按结构类型可分为黄酮(苷)、黄酮醇(苷)、二氢黄酮(苷)、异黄酮(苷)和酮,既有氧糖苷,也有碳糖苷,其苷元主要为芹菜素、山柰酚、木犀草素和槲皮素。该属植物中的木脂素有Eupomtene型、环木脂素、单环氧木脂素、双环氧木脂素和木脂内酯。铁线莲属植物资源广泛,目前尚有必要进一步拓展其研究范围,以便更好地对其进行开发利用。

Progresses in the studies on chemical constituents of Clematis L. （belonging to the family Ranunculaceae） were systematiically reviewed in this article. The plants in this genus have a wide spectrum of constituents as follows：triterpenes,flavonoids,lignans,coumarins,alkaloids,volatile oils,steroids,organic acids,macrocyclic compounds and phenols,etc.,among which triterpenoid saponins,flavonoids and lignans are the main components. The triterpenoid saponins are mainly oleanolic type and hederagenin type,most of which are bidesmosidic saponins,substituted with oligosaccharide chains at both C-3 and C-28,and some are substituted with acetyl,caffeoyl,isoferuloyl,p-methoxy cinnamyl and 3,4-dimethoxy cinnamyl groups in the oligosaccharide chains. The flavonoids from Clematis species are mainly flavones,flavonols,flavanones,isoflavones,xanthones and their glucosides （sugar moieties are connected to the aglycone through either the oxygen or the carbon atoms）,the aglycones of which are mainly apigenin,kaempferol,luteolin and quercetin. The lignans from Clematis are mainly eupomatene lignans,cyclolignans,monoepoxylignans,bisepoxylignans and lignanolides. Clematis spp. are rich in resources,however,studies on their chemical constituents have only been carried out on twenty or so spp. As a result,it is necessary to expand our study on other spp. from this genus for better utilization of medicinal resources.