论阿多诺的“批判的社会学”

On Adorno's "Critical Sociology"

实证主义社会学坚持统一的科学观,认为可以用自然科学的实证方法来研究人类社会。对此,阿多诺持质疑态度:认为实证主义社会学使社会学成为"没有社会的社会学";实证主义社会学导致了总体性的社会的丧失与社会现象意义的丧失;实证主义社会学把社会仅仅看作是客体,忽视了社会还是主体的存在;实证主义社会学使社会学变成"价值中立"的学科;实证主义社会学推崇主观任意性。阿多诺在批判实证主义社会学的同时,构建了自己的宏观社会学理论--批判的社会学。阿多诺对实证主义社会学的批判在很大程度上触及了实证主义的弊病,但有些批评内容建立在歪曲理解实证主义的基本观点之上的。

Positivist sociology adheres to unified scientific outlook and thinks that human society can be studied by empirical methods of natural sciences. Towards such viewpoints, Adorno took a skeptical attitude, held that positivist sociology made sociology a kind of ＂sociology of losing social sense＂ which lost the meanings of society and social phenomena in an all-round way, for positivist sociology merely takes society as an object, ignoting its existence as a subject and causing it a subject of ＂ value neutrality＂ and worshipping object arbitrariness. Adorno built his own theory of macro-sociology ＂critical sociology＂, when he criticized positivist sociology. Most of his criticism concerned the weakness of positivist sociology, but some of them were formed on the misunderstanding of the positivist sociology.