医疗侵权证明责任的价值取向——兼评我国《侵权责任法(草案)》(二次审议稿)第58条

The Value Orientation of the Burden of Proof of Medical Tort——The Review of the Article 58 of the Draft of China's Tort Liability Law

针对医疗侵权证明责任分配的特殊性,无论是英美法系的美国还是大陆法系的德国和日本都采取相关措施和方法,以减轻甚至免除患者对医方存在过错以及损害与过错之间存在因果关系的证明责任。2001年最高人民法院《关于民事诉讼证据的若干规定》对医疗侵权实行双重证明责任倒置,在学界和社会公众中掀起了赞成和反对两种针锋相对观点的交锋,而2008年12月《中华人民共和国侵权责任法(草案)》(二次审议稿)第58条基本上废除了对医方过错的证明责任倒置。在医疗侵权证明责任分配立法价值取向问题上,存在着正义与自由的冲突、正义与效益的冲突。正义价值优先,应由医方承担自己不存在过错的证明责任。

Due to its special nature regarding as the burden of proof of Medical tort lawsuits, either the countries belonging to the common law system such as USA or the countries of the civil law system such as Germany and Japan have taken the measures and methods to mitigate and relief the patients＇ liability to prove the medical faults of hospital and the causal linkage between the action and fault. In 2001, the reversion of dual burden of proof relating to medical tort enacted by Several Provisions of the Supreme People＇ s Court on the Evidence in Civil Procedures has lead to some controversial debates of agreement and disagreement. Consequently, in December of 2008, the draft of China＇ s Tort Liability Law abelished the liability reversion of medical fault. The issue relating to the value orientation of the distribution of burden of proof of medical tort involves the conflicts of justice and freedom and the conflicts of justice and efficiency, in which the priority should apply to the value of justice. Therefore, the hospital itself should take the burden of proof of its non-fault.