恭请王命考——清代死刑判决的“权宜”与“定例”

INSIGHTS INTO THE POLITE REQUEST FOR EMPEROR'S PERMISSION IN DEATH PENALTY IN QING DYNASTY——BETWEEN EXPEDIENCY AND RULES

本文采用了权宜和定例概念探讨了恭请王命的历史沿革,并考察了恭请王命"制度"的存在形态。所谓恭请王命,从来都是被权宜地实行的,特别是乾隆中期以后,围绕着案件适度处理,反复进行着制度与实务的无差别的试验,伴随着其中核心部分的逐步定例化,其功能也逐渐地由速决向刑罚差等化变质。

In this paper, the author uses the concept of the expediency and fixed regulation to discuss the history of ＂Gongqing wangming＂（request imperial order respectfully for executing the criminals）, and investigates the existing patterns of the ＂system＂. The so-called ＂Gongqing wangming＂ had always been implemented on an expedient basis. Especially after the mid-Qianlong, centering on the appropriate handling of cases, the tests of the non-difference system and practices repeatedly appear. With the core of them step-by-step fixed, its function gradually changes from the quick executing to the hierarchy of penalty.