论古典时代雅典奴隶制经济走势

The Trend of Athenian Slavery Economy in Classical Age

近几十年来国内史学界流行的观点是,古典时代雅典奴隶制经济总体上呈持续增长趋势。这种观点不尽符合历史实际。雅典奴隶制经济虽在伯罗奔尼撒战争之后60余年呈波浪式增长之势,但与古典时代盛期相比,仍处于低谷徘徊状态。中外学者在考察雅典奴隶制经济发展状况和走势时,往往有意无意地压低甚或完全忽略使用奴隶的必备条件,从而不能不明显夸大使用奴隶的普遍性。奴隶在当时生产、消费和市场条件下,尚未达到创造出剩余价值的程度,这是古代生产力水平低下的最本质的表现。在奴隶制达到一定水平的基础上,无论是国家、集体还是个人,其财富的持续增长通常是奴隶制进一步发展的必要前提,而不是其直接结果。

In recent decades many Chinese scholars generally maintained that the trend of Athenian slavery economy in classical age was in continual increase as a whole, but such a view went against the truth. Compared with its peak period in Classical age, the Athenian Slavery economy in more than 60 years after the Peloponnesian War gained up as wave shape, but still hovered around the low level. When the scholars researched the status of Athenian slavery element and its trend, they always intentionally or unintentionally underestimated or even absolutely neglected the prerequisite of slavery economy, which made the universality of using slaves aggrandized greatly. Under the conditions of production, consumption and market in ancient times, the slaves cannot produce the surplus value in the modern sense, and that was the essential character of the low level productivity. When the slavery economy reached a certain extent, the further growth of community and private wealth was usually not the direct result of development of slavery, but its necessary condition.