鼻内镜下蝶窦手术入路及超越蝶窦腔病变的处理

Operation pathways for sphenoidal sinus by nasal endoscope and treatments for correlated diseases beyond scope of sphenoidal sinus

目的:探讨蝶窦及鞍区更直接的手术径路,结合影像学资料对超越蝶窦范围的相关疾病进行适当处理,防止严重并发症的发生。方法:在鼻内镜下,分别采用经前筛-后筛-蝶窦、经上鼻道-后筛-蝶窦、经鼻中隔-蝶窦以及直接以后鼻孔上缘为标志经蝶窦前壁自然口进入蝶窦等途径,对46例蝶窦占位并蝶窦骨壁破坏的病变进行处理。结果:蝶窦囊肿及脓囊肿21例,经上鼻道径路处理后痊愈;蝶窦内血肿机化1例,经上鼻道径路清除;蝶窦内血肿并颈内动脉假性动脉瘤3例,1例术中探查发生致命性大出血,后经血管内介入治疗后痊愈,其余2例仅作鼻内镜检查,经DSA证实并行血管内介入治疗后治愈;蝶窦乳头状瘤4例,均行蝶窦自然开口径路,3例治愈,1例因广泛侵犯蝶窦外侧壁仅部分切除;蝶窦胆脂瘤2例,经上鼻道入路完整切除;蝶窦内脑膜脑膨出1例,经蝶窦前壁自然口打开蝶窦,经穿刺抽出脑脊液,手术停止并加固修补暴露脑膜;蝶窦真菌病1例,经上鼻道径路清除蝶窦内病变并联合抗真菌治疗后痊愈;蝶窦恶性肿瘤3例,经前后筛径路切除蝶窦内大部分肿瘤,后辅以放化疗;鼻咽癌侵入蝶窦5例,病理检查证实后行放化疗;垂体瘤术后蝶窦脑脊液鼻漏并肉芽增生5例,经上鼻道或鼻中隔径路均一次修补成功。结论:鼻内镜下处理蝶窦及蝶窦相关疾病径路多样,适当选择径路可达到直接、安全、微创等目的。术前蝶鞍CT薄层扫描、三维重建以及DSA是防止超越蝶窦范围病变手术并发症发生的有效手段之一。

Objective：We probe more direct operation pathways in sphenoidal sinus and saddle area,and take proper measures for correlated diseases which surpass scope of sphenoidal sinus by combining image data,which could prevent serious complication.Method：Under nasal endoscope,the operation approaches we adopted included trans-anterior ethmoid sinus-posterior ethmoid sinus-sphenoidal sinus pathway,trans-meatus nasi superior-posterior ethmoid sinus-sphenoidal sinus pathway,trans nasal septum-sphenoidal sinus pathway and trans-natural opening of sphenoid sinus anterior into sphenoid sinus pathway by taking upper edge of posterior naris as a consistent surgical landmark.Forty-six cases who had sphenoidal sinus mass with bone erosion recieved surgical treatment.Result：Twenty-one cases with cyst and pus cyst of sphenoidal sinus had been healed by trans-meatus nasi superior pathway;1 case with hematoma and organization in sphenoidal sinus had been cleared by trans-meatus nasi superior pathway;3 cases had hematoma and organization in sphenoidal sinus and pseudoaneurysm in internal carotid artery,one of them suffered fatal hemorrhage in surgical exploration,and cured by endovascular embolization,the other two only underwent nasal endoscopic examination,the diagnosis was established by DSA and they received interventional therapy;4 cases with papilloma in sphenoidal sinus had been treated by trans-natural opening of sphenoid sinus approach,and 3 cases were cured,1 case had only partial mass resection as the papilloma offended the outer wall of sphenoidal sinus diffusely;2 cases with cholesteatoma of sphenoid sinus have been removed completely by trans-meatus nasi superior approach;1 case with encephalomeningocele of sphenoidal sinus underwent sphenoidotomy by trans-natural opening of anterior of sphenoidal sinus,and intraoperative puncture showed characteristic cerebrospinal fluid,the exposed meninges were then repaird surgically;1 case with mycosis of sphenoidal sinus had been cured by thorough clearing of the leision in sphenoidal sinus combined with antifungal therapy;3 cases with malignancy of sphenoidal sinus had received major mass resection of sphenoidal sinus by trans-anterior ethmoid sinus-posterior ethmoid sinus approach,and followed with radio therapy and chemotheraphy;5 cases with NPC involving sphenoidal sinus had been treated by radio therapy and chemotherapy after pathological examinacation;5 cases with post-operative cerebrospinal rhinorrhea and granulation hyperplasia of sphenoidal sinus had been repaired successfully by trans-meatus nasi superior approach or tans-nasal septum approach.Conclusion：There are various surgical pathways to deal with sphenoidal sinus and correlated diseases under nasal endoscope.The operation will be direct,safe and minimal invasive if we choose the pathway properly.Thin slice CT scan and 3D reconstruction of sella,and DSA or angiography of brain before operation is one of effective means to prevent surgical complications for leisions beyond scope of sphenoidal sinus.