生计变迁下的环境与文化——以乌伦古河富蕴段牧民定居为例

Livelihood Transformation and Its Impact on Environment and Culture with Herdsmen Sedentary in the Fuyun Section of the Ulungur River as An Example

自公社化后,伴随农业开发及游牧生计的转变,乌伦古河河谷内人口、耕地及牲畜数量激增,流域生态环境发生巨大变化。尤其是上世纪80年代中期的牧民定居政策,促使牧民由游牧改为定居。定居意味着从事农业,进而越来越多的牧民变为农民。本文通过对乌伦古河流域的实地考察发现,乌伦古河生态环境的恶化与牧民定居政策有着直接联系。牧民定居政策促使传统游牧生计方式彻底发生改变,打破了原有的生计与生态的平衡关系,进而破坏了对牧民与自然关系起到调节作用的游牧文化的功能。

Before 1949, the Ulungur River had been the winter pasture for Kazakhstan herdsmen. However, since communes were established by the communist government, along with the expansion of agriculture at the expense of nomadic livelihood, the ecological environment of the river valley has been changed drastically, with sharp increases of valley population, farmland and livestock. In particular, the settlement policy adopted in the middle of 1980s turned nomadic tribes into sedentary villages and the herdsmen into farmers. Through field researches in the Ulungur River Valley, this author found that the deterioration of the ecological environment of the Ulungur River is directly linked to the settlement policy. With the phasing out of the traditional nomadic means of livelihood, the balance between nomadic livelihood and the ecology has been broken, and the nomadic culture, now in the wane, no longer serves to regulate the relationship between the herdsmen and nature.