卢梭的人学思想刍议——兼及《论人类不平等的起源和基础》的人类自然性特点

Discussion on Rousseau's Humanics Thought

卢梭的《论人类不平等的起源和基础》除揭示私有制是人类不平等的起源和基础,奠定卢梭整个政治学说的基础外,还探究了人类的自然性问题,阐发了卢梭的人学思想。卢梭的人学思想很新颖,有许多独到之处。提出了最初原始人是散居于动物之中,独来独往,并非群居;人的思考状态是反自然状态;人以自由施动者身份参与自己活动;人类的进步实际上是整个人类的渐趋衰落;人性随着私有制的产生、发展而变恶;关于"人"的知识是最有用的知识等重要的人学思想。卢梭的人学思想及研究很有特色。其一,研究的目的性强。其二,提出人类社会的堕落是由人性所肈事的思想。其三,人类的进步与退化是同时消长相伴相成。其四,社会性是人类进步的第一推动力。其五,人类自私性是建设和谐社会的拦路虎。卢梭的人学研究启迪了人们的思维,开阔视野。他的人学理论不仅蕴含深刻内涵,并有实践意义。我们可以进一步研究发掘,为人学研究做出贡献。

In the book Discours sur l＇origine et les fondaments de l＇inegalite parmi les hcmmes Rousseau discovered that private ownership was the origin and foundation of human＇s unfairness which formed his political doctrine and his humanics thought. He also explained the question of human nature. Rousseau thought that the primitive people were not living in groups but lived scattered among animals. With the development of human being, they lost their nature gradually and became evil with the private ownership formed. Rousseau＇s humanics thought and his study was unique which was showed in following five ways： 1） the aim of study being clear; 2）A conclusion of the degeneration of human society owing to human nature; 3） human being＇s progress companying human being＇s degeneration; 4） sociality being the force of human＇s progress; 5） human being＇s selfishness being obstacle to harmonious society. All Rousseau＇s humanics thought and his study is practical and useful to the study of human being.