论交际口语测试及其评分方法

On Communicative Oral Testing and Its Scoring Methods

Hymes(1972),Canale&Swain(1980)以及Bachman(1990)等人提出的语言交际能力为交际语言测试奠定了理论基础。交际语言测试具有真实性、功能性、交互性、情景性、综合性等特点。交际口语测试的常见模式有双向交互式、多向交互式等。常用方法有角色扮演、面谈、讨论等。评分是影响口语测试信度、效度的重要因素。口语测试的评分方法可以分为整体评分和分析评分以及整体/分析评分三种。本文探讨了口语交际的性质、交际语言测试的理论基础、口语测试评分的认知心理过程、交际口语测试常用的模式和方法,并重点讨论了交际口语测试的评分方法。文章的最后介绍了当前国内口语测试常用的评分方法,并对今后如何改进口语测试,提高评分信度提出了建议。

Communicative testing is based on the theoretical model of communicative competence proposed by such linguists as Hymes（1972） , Canale and Swain（1980） and Bachman（1990）. Communicative oral testing is authentic, functional, interactional, situational and integrative. In oral interviews the two-way communication and multi-way communication models are often used. Such tasks as role-playing, interview and discussion are often employed in oral testing. Scoring is an important factor which influences the validity and reliability of oral testing. The scoring methods can be divided into three categories ： holistic scoring, analytic rating and holistic / analytic scoring. This essay briefly explores such matters as the nature of oral communication, the theoretical model of communicative oral testing and the psychological cognitive process of the scoring of oral interviews. It especially discusses the scoring methods of oral interviews in detail. The paper also discusses the scoring methods of the major English oral tests in China and proposes ways for further improvement.