市场自由、政府干预与“中国模式”

Market Freedom,Government Intervention and the "China Mode"

2008年的金融危机在引发虚拟经济和实体经济的深刻调整的同时,也促使人们重新认识若干经济学的重大理论问题,其中,市场失灵与政府失灵,市场自由与政府干预的问题再次成为热点问题被提了出来。任何理论的建立都是具有一组假设条件的。新自由主义的假设是经济人假设、完全竞争假设,如果这些假设不成立或需要放松,那么,结论当然要发生变化。从这个意义上说,危机并不可能也不应该终结市场自由。在造成这场危机的原因中,既有市场失灵,也有政府失灵,包括利率失灵、监管失灵和货币政策失灵。通过观察这场危机中各国政府的救市行动以及产生的效应,可以看到政府干预出现了"新综合"的趋势。凯恩斯的政府干预,是指当市场不能自动出清时,即有效需求不足时,政府通过财政政策和货币政策,增加和刺激有效需求,以帮助市场恢复均衡。政府干预的"新综合"是指,对凯恩斯政府干预的三个扩展;常态的政府干预与非常态的政府干预;商品市场的政府干预与资本市场的政府干预;宏观经济的政府干预与微观经济的政府干预;以及经济学与经济社会学两种意义上的政府干预。纵观经济发展的历史以及经济发展模式的演变,不难发现,各种经济发展模式的异同主要是由政府作用所致;各种经济发展模式的成败,也是由在不同发展阶段,对政府作用的"度"的把握决定的。尽管现在还不存在一个经济发展的"中国模式",但在未来的某个时期,"中国模式"也许将是与"盎格鲁—撒克逊模式"、"东亚模式"并列的一种经济发展模式。正确认识"中国模式"的政府作用和国有经济地位,对于中国经济和社会发展有着现实的指导意义。

While the current financial crisis brings about a deep adjustment of virtual economy and real economy, it also promotes a new awareness of several important theoretical issues on economics. A- mong them, the issues on market failure and government failure, or market freedom and government intervention, once again, as hot topics, have been raised. Any establishment of theory requires a set of as- sumptions. For neo-liberalism, there are assumptions of economists and perfect competitions. If these assumptions do not hold or need extension, the conclusion is sure to change. In this sense, the crisis can not and should not put an end to the market. The reasons that cause the crisis are not only attributed to market failure but also government failure, including interest rate failure, regulation failure and monetary policy failure. By analyzing the bailouts of governments in the crisis as well as the resulting effects, can be seen a tendency to the ＂new comprehensive＂ in government intervention. Keynes＇government intervention means that, when the market can not be clear automatically, that is, lacking of effective demands, the government, through fiscal and monetary policies, increases and simulates effective demands to help market to restore balance. But the government intervention of the ＂new comprehensive＂ refers to three extensions of Keynes＇ government intervention, including the normal government intervention and abnormal government, the government intervention in commodity markets and government in capital markets, the macroeconomic government intervention and microeconomic government intervention, and two different government intervention both in economics and economic sociology. Throughout the history of economic developments, as well as the evolution of economic development modes, it is not difficult to discover that all sorts of economic development modes, whether different or similar, mainly depend upon the role of the government. And their success or failure is also dependent, at several stage of development, on some ＂degree＂ role of the government. Although there is no the ＂ China mode＂ in economic developments, but it will probably exist sometime in the future, parallel with the ＂ Anglo-Saxon mode＂ and the ＂Eastern Asia mode＂. It has a practical, directive significance for China＇s development of economy and society to have a correct understanding of the government role of the ＂ China mode＂ and the status of state-owned economy.