日本电影《入殓师》中文化主体的博弈

A Conflict of Dominant Culture in Japan's Film Okuribito

《入殓师》是2009年在美国奥斯卡电影节获奖的一部日本电影,这部电影中隐含了东西方文化的博弈和冲撞,既有对东方传统文化的传承,也表现出西方文化的强力影响。影片中东西方文化的传承和冲撞主要表现在三个方面:首先是"个人主义"和"集体化"的冲突。日本社会长时期以来具有集体化的特点,个人一般作为集体中的一员而存在。二次世界大战之后尽管情况有所改变,但是传承"家"文化的集体化特点并没有消失,最明显的例子便是日本企业的家族化。但是我们在电影中看到的主要人物小林,却是一个没有集体文化背景的个人。其次是"罪文化"和"耻文化"的冲突。本尼迪克特在《菊与刀》中认为,西方文化中有"原罪"的特点,日本文化中则有"羞耻"的特点,影片主人公坚持自己的理念,对抗社会和家人要他放弃的压力,坚持自己喜爱的入殓师工作,所表现出来的正是西方"罪文化"而不是日本"耻文化"的特点。第三是有关"父亲"的宏大叙事。在有关父亲的表现上,影片在观念的深层表现出了回归日本传统"家"文化的愿望,叙述了小林父子关系从紧张到和解的过程,对"家"文化中血缘亲情关系的保持和传承表现出了非常积极和乐观的态度。

Okuribito, the Japan＇s film awarded Oscar in the United States in 2009, implies the game and conflict between the Eastern and Western cultures, that is, both the heritage of the Eastern traditional culture and the strong influence by the Western culture. The so-called heritage and conflict chiefly display the following three aspects. First, there is the collision between individualism and collectivization. For a long period of time, the Japanese society is characteristic of collectivization, and individuals, in general, exist as part of collectivity. This situation, after World War II, begins to change, but the feature of the family culture heritage doesn＇t disappear, for example, the familization of Japan＇s enterprises. Nevertheless, Kobayashi, the protagonist of Departures, is an individual who has no collective cultural background. Secondly, there is the collision between the crime culture and shame culture. According to Benedict＇s The Chrysanthemum and the Sword, in Japan＇s culture, there is the ＂shame＂ instead of the ＂ sin＂. But the protagonist of Departures adheres to his own idea, and, against the pressure of the family and society, does not give up his encoffining work, which just displays the Western ＂sin＂ instead of Japan＇s ＂ shame＂. Thirdly, there is the grand narrative about the ＂fa- ther＂. From a deep level, Departures demonstrates a return to traditional family culture, and, by way of the change of the relationship of Kobayashi father and son from tension to reconciliation, shows active and positive attitude toward the maintaining and heritage of blood kinship ties in the family culture.