中国当代城市规划的战略观——复杂城市系统中设计与战略型规划的解析

A Strategic Approach to Contemporary Urban Planning in China:Assessment of Design-based and Strategy-based Planning in the Complex Urban System

伴随着快速的城市化进程以及城市开发模式和城市规划体系的巨大转变,中国的城市规划正处于一个前所未有的复杂时代,因而,迫切需要从复杂理论入手对其进行分析和研究。通过对快速变化的复杂城市系统下设计和战略两种手法的比较分析发现,战略的规划手法比传统的以物质形体设计为中心的设计手法更为有效。其主要原因在于,战略规划具有充分的弹性,能够更好地解决和吸收涌入城市系统中的大量复杂的城市问题,从而使社会福利递次地增加,并实现更大的系统的总效用或社会福利。因而,中国的城市规划应从设计型向战略型转变。这一构想主要包括:(1)应当以事件驱动型的具有弹性的战略式规划取代传统的时间驱动型的设计式规划;(2)规划期程的制定需充分考虑到规划所要达成的效度以及规划的种类,不宜过短或过长;(3)规划范围不宜过大,可用若干小范围的战略规划来取代以往单一且庞大的城市总体规划;(4)除物质设计外,规划的内容还应更多地考虑制度设计,包括正式的法规设计和非正式的规范设计。

With the rapid urbanization and evident transfer of urban development and planning system from a planned one to a market-oriented one, the Chinese urban planning has encountered an unprecedentedly complex situation. Analysis and research on urban systems with complexity theory have consequently become imperative. Through the analysis of design-oriented and strategy-oriented planning approaches, this study finds that the latter is more effective in a fast-changing urban environment. The major reason is that the strategy-oriented approach is more flexible and is capable of solving the numerous problems in a complex urban system. Therefore, it can multiply social welfare progressively and achieve higher cumulative system utility or better cumulative social welfare. This study finally argues that the design-oriented approach should be replaced by the strategy-oriented one in four ways. （1） the traditional time-driven and design-oriented plans should be replaced by event-driven and strategy-oriented plans （2） the time range of plans should not be too short or too long, and should take full account of the validity and type of plans （3） a giant city master plan should be replaced by several small-scale strategic plans and （4） in addition to physical design, urban planning should include institutional design, such as the formal design of statutes and informal design of criteria.